Thirty Years War Essay Example For Students

Thirty Years War Essay The reasons for the Thirty Years War can be followed as far back as the renaissance time frame. It was during the renaissance that such goals as secularism, humanism, independence, realism or more all else secularism were first clear in standard society. These thoughts prompted the protestant reconstruction, which is a significantly more straightforward reason for the war. The split of the Catholic Church, because of the protestant transformation left Europe in a condition of strict unrest and bedlam. The progressive increment in prejudice and strict sectionalism that harmonized with the expansion of new religions and considerably greater decent variety has been set apart as the fundamental driver of the Thirty Years War. The impacts of the war would end up being annihilating to the vast majority of Europe, confirm by the sharp drop in populace, yet it was particularly wrecking to Germany. In any case, there were a few nations and assemblages of individuals that rose up out of the co ntention improved, for example, France, Sweden, and the religion of Calvinism. There were numerous regional and dynastic issues that figured in the flare-up and lead of the war too, however it is accepted that these components didn't get significant until the center phases of the war. The regional and dynastic causes, which go connected at the hip, did be that as it may, cause the war to proceed with longer than it in all probability would have if religion had been the main thought process. The degree of strict thought processes therefor is discussed, yet can't be excused. The prompt reasons for the war started with the obstruction and inevitable revolt of Protestant aristocrats in Bohemia, because of the strict narrow mindedness referenced previously, which was under Hapsburg mastery, against the Catholic ruler Ferdinand. The reasons and foundations for its spread all through Europe incorporate the established feebleness of the Holy Roman Empire, the powerlessness of the German sta tes to act in show, and the aspirations of other European forces. These were the causes that would in the end be answerable for the war enduring as long as it did. We will compose a custom article on Thirty Years War explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The political thought processes turned out to be increasingly more common when Sweden entered the war to support the Protestant reason. Sweden didn't enter the war for strict reasons by any means; they were hoping to pick up land. At long last it appeared that religion was totally overlooked and deserted as a reason when Catholic France and Protestant Sweden united against the Catholic Hapsburgs. France was stressed that the Hapsburgs were getting excessively incredible so they chose to state their impact into the war. The outcomes and impacts of the war and the two harmony settlements were profoundly noteworthy. France supplanted Spain as the best force in Europe. With Sweden, France had hindered the Habsburg endeavors to fortify their clout in the Empire. At Westphalia, the privilege of the individual states inside the Empire to make war and finish up unions was perceived. In principle just as actually, the most significant of these states turned out to be for all intents and purposes self-ruling, and German solidarity was deferred for over two centuries. The Empire was additionally dismantled by the acknowledgment of the autonomy of Switzerland and the seven northern regions of the Netherlands. Two new powers developed in northern Germany. France got a large portion of Alsace by the Treaty of Westphalia, and by the Treaty of Pyrenees parts of Flanders and Artois in the Spanish Netherlands and terrains in the Pyrenees. The strict settlement at Westphalia affirmed the power of Catholicism in southern Germany and of Protestantism in northern Germany. The rule acknowledged by the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 that Catholic and Lutheran rulers could decide the religion rehearsed in their domain was kept up, and this benefit was reached out to incorporate the Calvinists too. .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .postImageUrl , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:visited , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:active { border:0!important; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:active , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b95 81 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Biotechnology EssayThe Austrian Habsburgs had flopped in their endeavors to build their clout in the Empire and to annihilate Protestantism, yet they rose up out of the war more grounded than previously. In Bohemia, they had gotten rid of Protestantism, broken the intensity of the old honorability, and proclaimed the crown inherited in the male line of their family. With Bohemia now immovably in their grip and with their enormous gathering of connecting domains, they were prepared to extend toward the east in the Balkans, toward the south in Italy, or to meddle again in the

Ems Case Study Essay Example

Ems Case Study Essay A CT was requested and uncovered sores on the left cerebrum around 2-3 cams in length. Tolerant was planned to leave for Texas tomorrow for additional assessment. Patients spouse portrays this ongoing occasion as mellow ticks to one side arm with short Intermittent breaks In seizure movement. Patients essential signs were 136/78 with a heartbeat of 112. Breath sounds are clear and heart sounds are typical. DNS uncover reduced hold in left arm. Spouse expresses this is ordinary since his past seizure on July first. Patients skin pink, warm and gently diaphragmatic. Patients LOC is lessened. Patient can react quickly to verbal orders. Persistent is encountering gentle central engine seizure action to one side arm and head/neck. Patients lab information Is ordinary except for his Together level. Patients Together is right now 4. 2 versus.. An ordinary scope of 8-12. Patients liver chemicals were as of now typical which Is Improved from his July first levels that were low. Understanding is right now taking: Disappear, OMG DID for the treatment of seizures. Fomentation MGM BID for a peptic ulcer. Together MGM BID for treatment of seizures. Viding, 2-3 q-blunder PR for help with discomfort. Dad requested foundation of IV with a saline lock, 02 at 4 Imp by NC and 3-lead observing. Divan 0. Ml offered IPP to mitigate seizure. Wreckage PLAN OF ACTION Protect the patient from hurt and sit idle If seizure last under two minutes. On the off chance that seizure Is drawn out (>2 minutes) secure patients aviation route and give pull varying. Build up huge bore IV with ordinary saline at TOOK and give 02 as Indicated. Consider and acquire request for Vellum 5-MGM VISP or Versed OMG IM If IV get to isn't accessible. May likewise give Versed 2. OMG IV if necessary. Set up gauge vials Ana twilight caracal urn Hoyt. I rainspout AS We will compose a custom paper test on Ems Case Study explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Ems Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Ems Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

The Misinformation Effect and False Memories

The Misinformation Effect and False Memories Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Misinformation Effect and False Memories By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 19, 2020 Thomas Barwick / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Research Potential Causes Influencing Factors View All Back To Top The misinformation effect?? refers to the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event. Researchers?? have shown that the introduction of even relatively subtle information following an event can have a dramatic effect on how people remember. The misinformation effect can lead to inaccurate memories and, in some cases, even result in the formation of false memories. The misinformation effect illustrates just how easily memories can be influenced and raises concerns about the reliability of memory, particularly in the case of eyewitness memories used to determine criminal guilt.   Overview The work of  psychologist  Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues has demonstrated that the questions asked after a person witnesses an event can actually have an influence on the persons memory of that event.?? Sometimes when a question contains misleading information, it can distort the memory of the event, a phenomenon that psychologists have dubbed the misinformation effect.   Loftus herself has explained, The misinformation effect refers to the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information.?? Research In a famous experiment conducted by  Loftus,?? participants were shown video footage of a traffic accident. After watching the clip, the participants were then asked a number of questions about what they had observed, much in the same way police officers, accident investigators, and attorneys might question an eyewitness. One of the questions asked was, How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?  In some instances, however, a subtle change was made; participants were instead asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other. What the researchers discovered was that simply using the word smashed instead of hit could change how the participants remembered the accident. A week later, the participants were once again asked a series of questions, including Did you see broken glass? Most of the participants correctly answered no, but those who had been asked the smashed into version of the question in the initial interview were more likely to incorrectly believe that they had indeed seen broken glass. How can such a minor change lead to such differing memories of the same video clip? Experts suggest that this is an example of the misinformation effect at work. This memory phenomenon takes place when introducing misleading or incorrect information into memory and even contribute to the formation of false memories. Why the Misinformation Effect Happens So why exactly does the misinformation effect happen? There are a few different theories:?? One explanation is that the original information and the misleading information presented after the fact get blended together in memory.Another possibility is that the misleading information actually overwrites the original memory of the event.Researchers have also suggested that since the misleading information is more recent in memory, it tends to be easier to retrieve.In other cases, the pertinent data from the original event may never have been encoded into memory in the first place, so that when misleading information is presented, it is incorporated into the mental narrative to fill in these gaps in memory. Influencing Factors A number of factors?? contribute to the misinformation effect and make it more likely that false or misleading information distorts memories of events: Time: If the misleading information is presented sometime after the original memory, it is likely to be much more accessible in memory. This means that the misleading information is much easier to retrieve, effectively blocking the retrieval of the original, correct information. Discussing the Event with Other Witnesses: Talking to other witnesses following an event can distort the original memory of what really happened. The reports given by other witnesses might conflict with the original memory, and this new information might reshape or distort the witnesss original memory of events as they occurred. News Reports: Reading news stories and watching television reports of an accident or event can also contribute to the misinformation effect. People often forget the original source of information, which means that they might mistakenly believe that a piece of information was something they observed personally when really it was something they heard in a post-event news report. Repeated Exposure to Misinformation: The more often people are exposed to misleading information, the more likely they are to incorrectly believe that the misinformation was part of the original event. A Word From ?Verywell The misinformation effect can have a profound impact on our memories. So what can we do to prevent intervening information and events from leading to altered or even false memories? Writing down your memory of an important event immediately after it happens is one strategy that might help minimize the effects. Of course, even this strategy might introduce subtle errors and write these mistakes down  will further cement them in your memory. Being aware of just how susceptible to influence memory can be is also a good strategy. While you might have a very good memory, understand that anyone can be affected by the misinformation effect. The Mandela Effect and Examples

Essay on Dbq Mini Q Renaissance Hq Student Fi - 2066 Words

Renaissance Mini-Q Class Name ( hour): Name: How Did the Renaissance Change Mans View of Man? †¢ Overview: The word renai ssance means rebirth or revival. In world history, the Renaissance is used to describe a period in Europe that began around the year 1400 and lasted until about 1700. Thanks in large part to the scientific and cultural advances made during this time , people saw them ­ selves in a new way. The impact of the Renaiss ance was powerful and has endured for centuries. This Mini-Q asks you to explore how this exciting and important era changed the concept of what it means to be human. The Documents: Document A: The Individual in Art Document B: Mans Inner Nature Document C: Man s Place in the Universe Document†¦show more content†¦Some freed serfs migrated to towns, where they took up trades. The num ­ ber of merchants and bankers increased. Since these people needed to have an education to effectively carry on their work, literacy spread. Eventually, educated people began to question the teachings of the Church. A movement called humanism developed, which praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual. As more people became educated, human ­ ism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences, and medicine. The early Renaissance was especially vigor ­ ous in the city-states of Italy - place s like Rome , Venice, Florence, and Milan. The invention of the printing press in the mid-1400s gave the Re ­ naissance and humanism even more momentum. Initially, the Renais sance was an upper-middle class movement, but thank s to the mechanization of printing, shopkeepers and street sweepers were able to afford books and article s that discussed the new ideas spreading acro ss Europe. As a result, people started to look at themselves in a new way. But what, exactly, was this new way? Examine the documents that follow and answer the question: How did the Renaissance change man s view of man ? This page may be reproduced for classroom use 435 †¢ Renaissance Mini-Q Background Essay Questions 1. What is the meaning of the word renaissance? Describe the time period known as the Renaissance. 2. In general terms, how would you

The Glass Menagerie Analysis - 852 Words

The Glass Menagerie While reading Tennessee Williams play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, readers are drawn into the drama and disaster that is the Wingfield family. This book was written very much like an autobiography of Williams life. There were several different film and television versions of this play done thru the years from 1950 to 1987. After watching several different adaptations, Paul Newman’s film adaptation in 1987 is extremely faithful to the written version. Focusing on plot, setting, and character development the audience is introduced to a family with an austere future structured around a series of abandonments, difficulty accepting reality and the impossibility of true escape. Both versions begin with a narrator looking†¦show more content†¦When Amanda finds out this new information she is furious at Tom and in Newman’s movie version she is visibly shook up when she says to Tom, [That’s right, now that you’ve had us make such fools of ourselves. To entertain some other girl’s fiancà ©! Don’t think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister who’s crippled and has no job! Just go, go, go!]. There are only a few different setting changes throughout, all taking place in one main room. Still each scene has a very powerful message. The entire production is supposed to give the audience the illusion of confinement and limitation. The glass collection is an escape for Laura as she spends time playing with the pieces. The picture of a departed father is a source of regret for Amanda and a beacon for Tom to follow. Character development is the most important aspect of both versions. Readers get a sense for the characters and what makes them act the way they do. We begin at the family dining table where the meal cannot be enjoyed as Williams shows us a mother who is over bearing and unreasonable with, â€Å"TOM: I haven’t enjoyed one bite of this dinner because of your constant directions on how to eat it. It’s you that make me rush through meals with your hawklike attention to every bite I take†. (6) Later in the movie Amanda is showing those same traits with Laura when she stuffs two powder puffs down the front of Laura’s dress and says [They call them ‘GayShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Laura In The Glass Menagerie1579 Words   |  7 PagesLonging for Impossible Freedom: An analysis of Laura in The Glass Menagerie The French actor and enthusiast, Vincent Cassel, pronounced â€Å"You can’t escape from what you are†. No matter how much a person dislikes who they are, they will never be able to escape their body and their mind. People can attempt to forget who they are and what their life is like, but in the end, they will always be stuck in their current situation. Similarly, Laura, in The Glass Menagerie, deals with her self consciousnessRead MoreAnalysis Of The Glass Menagerie 1007 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reason is they are unhappy with their life’s circumstances. There are many ways in which to escape reality today. Movies, dancing, video games and books to name a few. Many people use this in order to escape from everyday problems. In â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† the Wingfield family uses fantasy to escape from their unsatisfied lives. Abandoned by her husband, Amanda cannot remove herself from her youth when she was visited by many gentleman callers. All of her callers were well off and respectableRead MoreAnalysis Of The Glass Menagerie 1744 Words   |  7 PagesKerry G. Stalter Professor Ruth Reis-Palatiere ENC 1102 December 1, 2015 Contrasts in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie lures the audience into taking a voyeuristic glimpse into the private lives of the Wingfield family, which consist of Amanda, the domineering mother of two adult children, Tom and Laura, and who welcomes Jim, a â€Å"gentleman caller† hosting him to a gay evening in the grandest Antebellum tradition. The contrasts in William’s play are manifested through the character traitsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Glass Menagerie 1104 Words   |  5 PagesDiaman Nichols Jennifer Viereck ENG 102-A01 4 October 2015 The Illusion of Escape in The Glass Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the primarily characters exhibit a state of illusion that originates from their dissatisfaction and unhappiness with their lives. Tom seeks adventure in the movies. Amanda reminisces often about her days as a Southern Belle. Laura sits in a dream world with her glass collection, and Jim wallows in the praises of his high school glory. In their own uniqueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play The Glass Menagerie 1281 Words   |  6 PagesDevin Simpson Professor Carusp The Glas Menagerie 4/29/15 Within the play The Glass Menagerie, Amanda, Laura, and Tom Wingfield all of have their own dreams that are continuously destroyed by the harshness of reality. Amanda, stuck in the ease of her youth, tries to relive her life through her daughter Laura. Being crippled both physically and mentally, Laura struggles to escape the bubble she has created around herself that her mother Amanda so strongly tries to force her out of. Tom whom, althoughRead MoreEssay on The Glass Menagerie: An Analysis1556 Words   |  7 PagesLaura’s older brother), Jim Connor (Tom and Laura’s old acquaintance from high school) and Mr. Wingfield (father to Tom and Laura, and Amanda’s husband)- who abandoned the family long before the start of the play. The title, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, represented a collection of glass animals on display in the Wingfields’ home. At one point or another, these animals then represented each character when they couldn’t accept reali ty. The theme of this play were about the characters’ struggles to accept the truthRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Individualism Analysis1302 Words   |  6 PagesIndividualism is a staple piece of a person’s character not only in a book, but in life as well. Some people pride themselves on their individuality, while others spend their lives working to establish a concrete personality and purpose in life. In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, individualism is a key component in the themes of the story and portrayal of unique characters. With there being only four characters in the play, each of them have to be vibrant, diverse individuals in order to keep theRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Glass Menagerie 2133 Words   |  9 PagesEscapism in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† In Tennessee Williams, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† all four characters consist in avoiding reality more than facing it, Amanda, Laura, Tom, and Jim. Amanda lives her life through her children s and clings to her past. Tom constantly stays in movie theatres and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and someday becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her victrolla and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. Finally, Jim is onlyRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Glass Menagerie 2145 Words   |  9 PagesEscapism in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† In Tennessee Williams, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† all four characters consist in avoiding reality more than facing it, Amanda, Laura, Tom, and Jim. Amanda lives her life through her children s and clings to her past. Tom constantly stays in movie theatres and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and someday becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her victrolla and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. FinallyRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Glass Menagerie by Tenessee Williams1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams had ordinary people in an ordinary life that closely resembled the influences of Williams’ personal life while having reoccurring themes and motifs throughout the story. The play has been done by many with some variations in the scripts and setting while still clinging to the basic ideas of the original play. Amanda Wingfield was a complex character that encompassed many facets of her personality. She longed to have the life she had as a girl and young

Vulnerable Populations in Current Events Free Essays

Defining a Vulnerable Population A vulnerable population is any group that has been identified by an epidemiological or there study that classifies them at a higher risk than the general population from a specific or broad condition (Oxford Reference Online, 2011). The elderly population is considered a vulnerable population because they must face not only self-image disturbances related to an aging body, but also problems with mental and spiritual well -being as well. Barriers older adults must face are generated by these issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations in Current Events or any similar topic only for you Order Now Barriers of a Vulnerable Population According to Smith, et. Al (2010), is important for community and local governments to the aging population and provide age-friendly services (p. 15). As the population continues to grow, change, and age, there are numerous barriers the elderly face. Financially, the elderly population Is mostly surviving on a fixed or limited Income making It difficult at times to afford prescriptions. Doctor visits, and other healthcare related expenses. All of these issues place them in a state of vulnerability. Impaired or limited mobility creates yet another barrier especially for the elderly related to the side effects of an aging body. Consequently, they are more prone and apt to have injuries from falls leading to other serious debilitating healthcare issues. Many of the elderly population do not have the ability to drive safely or access to a vehicle due to their compromised health Issues related to aging such as poor vision, Alchemies, and severe arthritis: transportation becomes another barrier. According to Smith, et. L (2010), without proper transportation in place, communities will have a higher incidence of injuries and increased emergency response costs. Life experiences with Vulnerable Persons My parents are both of the elderly population. They both suffer from symptoms of an aging body. My dad Is hard of hearing, has chronic renal failure, terribly severe artless, thinning skin, and Impaired vision. My mother has Just recovered to a double knee replacement surgery because she had become immobile related to her severely arthritic knees. I have spent several years caring for them both and helping them through these difficult times of aging. I have noticed various discriminations by society of the elderly and the poor attitude towards them. People have very little patience, understanding, and compassion. I have also seen the moments of sadness, frustration, and depression that my parents have encountered related to having to race ten Tact’s Nat teeny are aging; teeny are no longer addle to phonically ay want teeny used to be able to do and think that they can still do. This has been the hardest for me to witness because I can remember when they were able to do anything they wanted to physically. They have both overcome many barriers, but continue to be vulnerable and I know that they’re level of vulnerability will continue to increase with the passing years to come. Knowing this, I continue to learn and look for ways to help and advocate for them. Summary With the aging population, it is important to assess what vulnerabilities the elderly faces and address them to improve the quality of life. How to cite Vulnerable Populations in Current Events, Papers

The Responsibility to Protect free essay sample

The Responsibility to Protect BY susu1985 Introduction: Since the dawn of time there have been occurrences of massive violations of human rights. The 20th century in specific brought with it not only inter-state wars but also internal conflicts. However, in the last hundred years there has also been a substantial growth in international cooperation and solidarity. Through the creation of international organizations, such as the United Nations, and the growing number of non-governmental organizations, the 20th century has seen a paradox between humanitys will to combat war and injustice and its apparent failure to put this into ction. The Responsibility to Protect is a new international concept, the gist of which is that states have a responsibility to protect not only their people, but also those whose states have failed them. The aim of this paper is to give a more defined and comprehensive view of this concept. In order to do so, it is imperative to look at how the international community has responded to massive violations of human rights in the past, and for this end a brief description of the Rwanda genocide will be given. It will then go on to outline the history of Responsibility to Protect, focusing on its eception at the United Nations. Finally, a concise view on the crisis in Darfur will be given in relation to the Responsibility to Protect concept. The Rwandan Genocide: a failure to intervene Although much can be said about the genocide that took place in Rwanda, for the purpose of this paper I will focus on the role of the international community, more specifically the United Nations. The genocide took place in 1994 and it has become known as one of the bloodiest, most rapid massacres that have ever taken place. This particular case of genocide also stands out because of the utter failure of the nternational community to intervene. Before the beginning of the genocide there was already a peacekeeping mission in Rwanda, namely the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). They were there to oversee a recent power deal brokered between the Hutus and Tutsis, which was intended to ease tensions in the country and make sure that both groups were equally represented in government. However, despite the United Nations presence in the country, the genocide was not deterred. The international community had a chance to stop it before it ever began, as the Security council had been warned that large-scale ethnic leansing was about to take place in the country, and this has now become common knowledge. As stated in the article by Adelman and Suhrke, The governments of Western countries and the highest levels of the UN possessed clear information about an upcoming genocide and could thus have stopped it if they wanted to. Yet, in spite of all the warnings, nothing was done to stop what was now the inevitable. Once the killings began in earnest, the peacekeeping forces on the ground were unable to do anything. This is because their mandate prohibits them to shoot unless hey are shot at, and like an army, they must follow orders, which at this point were autobiography Shake Hands With the Devil, how on numerous occasions he contacted the UN headquarters asking for them to expand his mandate; his cries for help were ignored. One of the examples he gives is that before the genocide began he was told that some Hutus were storing a large amount of machetes. When he asked permission from his superiors to raid and confiscate the cache of weapons, he was categorically told that he was not to do anything about it. UNAMIR suffered a massive blow when ten Belgian peacekeepers in charge of guarding the Prime Minister, who was a Tutsi herself, were butchered by Interahamwe militia. This in turn led to Belgium, who had volunteered the majority of troops to UNAMIR, recalling their troops, as it was no longer safe for them to stay. In the peak of crisis, the Security Council made the decision to withdraw most of its forces from Rwanda, leaving Dallaire with only 262 men at his disposal. Eventually, Dallaire was ordered to withdraw altogether from Rwanda. However, Dallaire refused to do so and stayed on with only a few men who opted to stay. This decision by Dallaire is what makes him, in my mind, one of our times only hero left. The Rwandan genocide was not kept under wraps; the media had a presence there and it was broadcasting what was happening throughout the world. According to the UN Convention of 1951 , competent organs of the United Nations should take action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of Genocide. Furthermore, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, states that signatories are obliged to intervene when there is a clear case of genocide. These two together makes it clear that states hould respond and, indeed, have an obligation to do so, to crimes of genocide. However, when questioned about this by Journalists, a Clinton administration spokeswoman stated that genocide was not being committed; there were only acts of genocide taking place. To this the reporter answered with another question how many acts of genocide make a genocide? to which she had no answer. By avoiding the use of the term genocide, the UN as a whole and its member states were able to ignore their duties under the above mentioned conventions, and find an excuse not to intervene in Rwanda. For any UN peacekeeping mission, their objective is not to efeat the aggressor but to prevent fghting, act as a buffer, keep order and maintain a cease-fire generally instructed to use their weapons only as self-defense. This means that to begin with UNAMIR was already at a loss to stop the conflict. Once Dallaire disregarded direct orders and stayed in the country, what was left of UNAMIR no longer received supplies. Dallaire stayed on until the end of the conflict. Him and his followers managed to save thousands of lives. Despite this, General Dallaire went back home a broken man, and the trouble that he has had readjusting is well documented. In the end the genocide claimed an estimated 800,000 lives in three months. Many leaders, including President Clinton, have now said that they realize they made a mistake and that they should have acted. However, that is of little comfort to the people of Rwanda. The Responsibility to Protect: The failure of the international community to react to the various cases of mass to the then Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to call on states to try and resolve the the conflict between the principle of non-interference regarding state sovereignty and the responsibility of the international community to respond to assive human rights violations and ethnic cleansing. He did so by addressing the General Assembly in 1999 and 2000. As a response the Canadian government set up an independent commission, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), to look deeper into the matter and to try to come up with a solution to the problem. The Commission was made up of various experts on the field and it liaised with governments, NGOs, universities and think tanks. The ICISS was charged with Reconciling the international communitys responsibility to act in the ace of massive violations of humanitarian norms while respecting the sovereign rights of states. In December of 2001, the Commission presented its final report to the United Nations. It was in this reported that the term Responsibility to Protect was first used, and that the concept as a whole was introduced to the international community. The report begins by outlining the definition of state sovereignty as embodied in the United Nations Charter; this is to say that sovereignty is seen as an absolute right that is held by a state, and that this dictates a principal of non- intervention in domestic matters by an outside power. However, in the report, the definition of sovereignty is broadened from sovereignty as control to sovereignty as responsibility in both internal and external duties. This concept of sovereignty as responsibility is not new, as there are various mechanisms in place today that limit state sovereignty. These were put in place after the Second World War as a way to ensure that it never happened again. The first, and most obvious, of these mechanisms is the United Nations as a whole and the various treaties and covenants that have been signed under it. As few examples are the UN Charter, The Universal Declaration on Human Rights, The Genocide Convention, and the Geneva Conventions and added statutes, to name a few. These documents embody a shift from sovereignty as impunity to international and national accountability. The second of these mechanisms also came about after World War two and it is the concept of human security. States have recognized that it is no longer only the security of a state that matters, but also the human aspect of it that is important. Finally, the Security Council and regional organizations, such as the European Union, have also proven to be powerful mechanisms in limiting sovereignty. Tbis is illustrated by the various actions that these bodies have sometimes taken against a particular state, such as sanctions and occasionally outright intervention, such as the Korea War. Therefore, although the report of the ICISS broadens the definition of sovereignty, it is simply putting a name on a trend that has been taking place and gaining momentum since 1945. Considering the new definition of sovereignty as outlined above, the report goes on to explain the emerging principle that is the Responsibility to Protect. The report makes it clear that this is not the responsibility to intervene, but rather the bligation to protect those that are being let down by their own state. It states that sovereignty means that the primary responsibility to protect lies with the state itself. However, where a population is suffering serious harm, as a result of internal war, insurgency, repression or state failure, and the state in question is unwilling or community to act in its place and the principle of non-intervention yields to the international responsibility to protect. Although the paragraph above makes it clear what the Responsibility to Protect means, there are various components to it, namely he three pillars of it, which are: Prevention, Action and Rebuilding. The emphasis is placed on prevention, and the report states that the most important part of this is the political will of the international community and that it must change its basic mindset from a culture of reaction to that of a culture of prevention. Prevention must deal with both the root causes and the direct causes of an impending conflict. There must also be an information network in place in order to ensure that the conflict is spotted early on enough. Action should come about only when all means of prevention have been exhausted. It should begin with methods of deterrence, such as economic and military sanctions. However, when all other roads have failed, then and only then, should military intervention take place. Military intervention should only take place when large scale loss of life, actual or apprehended with genocide intent or not, which is the product of either of deliberate state action, or state neglect or inability to act, or a failed state situation; or large scale ethnic cleansing, actual or apprehended, whether carried out by killing, forced expulsion, acts of terror or rape. If these criteria are met the report outlines various recautionary principles that must be met before the onslaught of intervention. These are: last resort, Just cause, proportional means, reasonable prospects, and right authority. These principles have to be put in place so that the Responsibility to Protect can never be used as an excuse for a state to intervene in another state for its own ends. Rebuilding is an important factor of the principle of Responsibility to Protect. It becomes even more crucial if military intervention has taken place. This third pillar stipulates that when a state has suffered mass violations of human rights hen there will be a need to rebuild society as a whole. In order to do so the international community must provide financial aid to the country in question. It must also provide assistance in any other way. If the state is not properly rebuilt then there is a chance that it might reoffend in the future. There are many aspects to rebuilding, but one of the most important is Justice and reconciliation. The international community must provide a stage where perpetrators can be brought to justice, and help in any way it can with the reconciliation of the country. The United Nations is the key for this notion to become reality. It provides a platform for states to reach consensus and establish treaties and legislations. It is also in the best interest of the organization to try and do so, for it would heighten its credibility. However, the United Nations is not an independent organ, it is a collection of member states, and therefore it is difficult to get consensus. In the past humanitarian intervention has been hindered or all together stopped by the veto power that the five permanent members of the Security Council hold. In the recommendations section of the Commissions report they outline that the Permanent Five members of the security Council should consider and seek to reach agreement not to apply their veto power, in matters where their vital state interests are not involved, to obstruct the passage of resolutions authorizing military intervention for human protection purposes for which there is otherwise majority support. Although this recommendation makes a conflicts the United Nations Peacekeeping missions can do little to quell a conflict once it has started. Yet, the Peacekeeping aspect of the organization is arguably its most important humanitarian intervention feature. The Commission goes on to say that the traditional peacekeeping will have to change drastically, asmilitary intervention operations which have to do whatever it takes to meet their responsibility to protect will have to be able and willing to engage in much more robust action than is permitted by traditional peacekeeping, where the core task is the monitoring, supervision and verification of ceasefires and peace agreements, and where the emphasis has always been on consent, neutrality and the non-use of force. This would mean that states would have to be willing to take the risk of llowing some of their men to participate as part of the conflict, rather as bystanders. It would also mean more funding and manpower for the peacekeeping force. Like the restricted use of the P5 veto, this is a concept which makes a lot of sense but that unfortunately will most likely never see the light of day. The report was presented to the United Nations in December of 2001 and its reception was luke-warm at best. The concepts that the report outlined were controversial and unfortunately, the timing was not the best. The 9/1 1 attacks were still fresh in peoples minds, and as the U. S. administration pushed for a war in Afghanistan; many states were worried that the report would provide an excuse for it. The report was served another blow when President Bush declared in 2003 that America had Just cause for going into Iraq and that they were doing it to protect its people. In spite of the cold reception that the report received, the continuation of conflicts of a genocidal nature endured. With the crisis in Darfur raging on, member states were forced to rethink their attitudes, and in the UN World Summit in New York in 2005, member states reached a consensus on he Responsibility to Protect. In the Outcome document of the Summit, the international community reaffirms its support in paragraphs 138 and 139 of the document. Although this was a big step towards acceptance of principle, the Outcome Document is not binding. This means that even if good will was shown on the day, there is no guarantee that states will act accordingly. Conclusion If the last century has shown the world anything, it is that in order to stop mass violations of human rights from occurring there needs to be some form of mechanism in place that is strong enough to prevent them from happening. The ICISS were charged with finding a solution to this problem, and their answer was the Responsibility to Protect. In order for it to work there would have to be a whole shift in the culture that our political leaders inhabit. It would also need a lot of funding and manpower, and this will always be used as an excuse for why it cannot happen. The main conclusion of this paper is that nothing can be done unless there is the political will for it happen. The report has some very controversial points, and accepting it, states would be agreeing to limitations on their sovereignty, as well as ledging to potentially intervene militarily and infringe on another states sovereignty. There would also be a need for the permanent members of the Security Council to accept some limitation to its all important veto power. Unfortunately, I do squabbling of this body of the I-IN, and the use of its veto power to stop actions, which could have helped many conflicts. Meeting this challenge is more than a matter of aspiration. It is a vital necessity. Nothing has done more harm to our shared ideal that we are all equal in worth and dignity, and that the earth is our ommon home, than the inability of the community of states to prevent genocide, massacre and ethnic cleansing. If we believe that all human beings are equally entitled to be prote cted from acts that shock the conscience of us all, then we must match rhetoric with reality, principle with practice. We cannot be content with reports and declarations. We must be prepared to act. We wont be able to live with ourselves if we do not. This is a sentiment that is shared by most, and in order for it to become a reality, and for our world to be a better place there has be action on the art of states. It is only then that the Responsibility to Protect will stop being an unattainable ideal and become a welcomed reality. Bibliography Books and Journals: Bennett, A. LeRoy, and James K. Oliver. International Organizations : Principles and Issues. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001. 156-63. Teson, Fernando R. Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality. New York: Transnational, Inc. , 1988. 127+. Thomas, Weiss G. , and Cindy Collins. Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention. Oxford: Westview P, A Division of HarperCollins publishers, Inc, 1996. 89+. Reisman, Michael W. Legal Responses to Genocide and Other Massive Violations of Human Rights. . Pace, William R. , and Nicole Deller. Preventing Future Genocides: An International Responsibility to Protect. World order. vol. 36. 2005. 15-32.. Websites: documents and articles http://www. iciss. ca/mandate-en. asp http://www. globalpolicy. org/security/issues/uvin. htm http://www. iciss. ca/pdf/Commission-Report. pdf http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/human_rights_violations/ http:// wrww. iciss. ca/menu-en. asp http://www. un. org/preventgenocide/rwanda/responsibility. shtml

Wake up, sir! Review Essay Example

Wake up, sir! Review Paper Essay on Wake up, sir! This is the first parody of Wodehouse, by American author Jonathan Ames, who got to me, and that really failed. Lets start with the fact that the Wake up, sir, have their prototypes Jeeves and Wooster. This I by the name of Alan, a young writer Flood flour creative alcohol crisis, actually suffering from this dependence on the latter and his servant Jeeves, taking care of his young master, with only the English seriously. The similarity with Yerofeyev may arise solely from -this alcohol use threads, but otherwise have not the slightest resemblance. Humor as close as possible to the English. The same can be said about the style. Author shoved in, seemingly, at first sight, classic, controversial subjects of our time. In the process of reading but realize that taken as a basis style Wodehouse, the same humor Wodehouse, sung by all the tradition of the English novel, hide under a topic, in principle, is not peculiar to the British. The topic of chronic alcoholism. Certainly longer peculiar Russian, partly Americans. I, in this case, the subject of alcoholism in the literature. With Russian everything is clear, not even worth talking about. But the British are not met, I mention certainly were, but that was something like our venechkom dr.Kak and it seems to me that the nation as a whole is not peculiar to uncover these truths. Although opium stories Ive ever met. We will write a custom essay sample on Wake up, sir! Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wake up, sir! Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wake up, sir! Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Returning to the book-book .It perfectly written, sometimes very funny, humor, pure English, but thats after reading the sadness came easy, but its worth it. who should not: surely those who Pelema Wodehouse can not stand, and those who do not like lengthy discourse, rather than a rapid development of the plot .

Chocolate and Confectionery Industry of Pakistan

Chocolate and Confectionery Industry of Pakistan Free Online Research Papers Confectionery and Chocolate industry of Pakistan in 2009 is an analysis of branded (domestically produced) confectionery and chocolate market of Pakistan. The article reveals close estimates of sales turn over of major active players in the industry. It also examines contemporary trends in the local confectionery and chocolate market, with an emphasis on providing some useful information about the structure, norms, challenges and competitive landscape of the industry. Before proceeding to our core topic, it would not be unwise to have a look at the snapshot of country’s socio-economic indicators. Pakistan- Snapshot: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a medium size, densely populated country with over 170 million people living in 796,095 square kilometres. With respect to population and area, Pakistan stands at no. 7 and no.43 respectively among the nations of the world. It is located at Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north. Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and declining exports of manufactures. Faced with untenable budgetary deficits, high inflation, and haemorrhaging foreign exchange reserves. During 2004-07 GDP growth has been within the range of 6-8%. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7.7% in 2007 to 20.8% in 2008, primarily because of rising world fuel and commodity prices. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated significantly as a result of political and economic instability. Confectionery and Chocolate Industry – An overview: Despite Pakistan’s confectionery and chocolate industry has enjoyed an emerging and growing trend in the recent past yet its size and growth pattern has been far inconsequential compared to other countries of Asia-pacific region. The industry has grown with an average annual rate of 6.5 to 7.5 % during 2002-2008. Domestic brands dominate the market accounting for more than 85% of total value sales of the industry. The industry as a whole can be divided between two broader sectors namely organized sector (branded segment) and un-organized sectors (generic segment). The branded segment is more of monopolistic in nature where there are nine prominent, active players in the competitive landscape of this sector. However 80% of the industry’s share is being enjoyed by the five companies listed below. A brief overview of major companies’ estimated annual sales in PKR (1 US$= 83 PKR) is as follows: Company name Major Product lines Major brands Estimated annual turn-over PKR.(1US$=83PKR) Share % Hilal Candy, Bubble, Jellies, Chocolates, Beans, powder Drinks, Supari Ding Dong Bubble, Fresh up bubble, Tulsi, AamRus, Kopra candy Limopani 3.5 billion 26% Ismail Industries Ltd.(Candyland) Jellies, candies, lollypops, Chocolates, Biscuits, Snacks etc. Chillimili, Fanty candy, Now, Bisconi Chocolito, Cocomo, Snack city, Sonnet 2.8 billion 21% B.P sweets Jellies, candies, lollypops, Chocolates, Biscuits, Bread, Snacks etc. Spacer, Dolphin Jellies, B.P Lollies, Dream Chocolates etc. 1.7 billion 13% Cadbury’s Chocolates(Countlines and Moulded) Toffees, Chewable mint candies Dairy Milk Chocolate, Éclairs, Softmint, Velvet 1.5 billion 11% Kidco Bubbles candies, lollypops, Chocolates etc. 4ever, Centro-bubble, Lollies, Punch candy, Chox 1.20 billion 9% Mayfair Candies, Toffees, Creamers, Amrood candy, Éclair, Cafe biscuit 0.8 billion 6% Mitchell’s(only Confectionery Chocolates) Groceries ( Squashes, Jams, sauces, Chocolates- Moulded and Countlines , Toffees and candies Milk Toffee, Fruit BonBon, Butter Scotch, Jubilee, Golden Hearts 0.70 billion 5% DanPak Bubble Gum, Lolly Pops, Candies Chini mini, Fresh’ O bubble, Choco Bisco, Milko Sip 0.70 billion 5% Sweet Hills Candies, Toffees Dr. Milk, NutKut, Love candy , Cow 0.50 billion 4% TOTAL 13.4 Billion PKR Confectionery and Chocolate Market – An overview Characteristics: The branded confectionery and chocolate market is highly price elastic and growing with the bulk of sales concentrated in mid-price range products. Urban markets account for the major share and also for a higher penetration rate. Various retail price points exist within the mass market segment of chocolates between the range of PKR 3-25. In Sugar Confectionery major running confectionery items fall into the retail price segment of Rs. 0.50-1.00. The efforts made for the induction of Rs.2 Confectionery unit by industry giants have gone into vain so far. However Rs. 2 and 3 are popular price points for lolly pops and chocolates range. The industry has faced â€Å"coin-barrier† issue in sugar confectionery products at least three times during last three decades when all key players unanimously agreed to increase their products’ price due to escalating prices of raw materials (first from 25 paisa to 50 paisa- in mid 80’s, than 50 paisa to Rs. 1 †“ in mid 90’s and lastly from Rs.1 to Rs.2-in late 2008) whereby the active players of the industry were compelled to raise their prices not less than any thing but 100% because next jump to coin / price denomination was such that they had no way out. It would be interesting for the readers to learn that such moves however have always been proved to be a â€Å"bitter pill† for the industry as it brought immense resistance from consumers and trade. In some of the cases decline in sales as a reaction of price increase was so huge that it forced to leading brands to take their decision back yet they were not able to retrieve their original volumes again. Mitchell’s Milk Toffees and Kidco 4ever are classic examples. To avoid and defer this situation (up to last extend) pro-active companies in Pakistani confectionery industry adopt three kinds of strategies , without reducing or with slightly reducing trade margins, namely Reduce the no. of units per pack, unit siz e, and packaging ( in an endeavour to reduce cost) Compromising in product quality by reducing qty and/or quality of expensive raw material. By using close substitute that is available relatively at cheaper price as a replacement of expensive raw materials. Distribution and Selling strategy: About (70-80) % sugar confectionery and chocolate sales generate through wholesale channel depending upon the nature of product and strategies of manufacturing companies. Almost all but precisely Hilal and B.P rely much on wholesale channel to generate bulk chunk of their total sales. To support their sales through this channel they advertise heavily on electronic media to create brand pull for their brands and subsequently it force retailers to buy these brands from whole sale. The underlying reason behind limited coverage in retail sector by these two companies is they do not have premium priced items that could yield sufficient revenues to make retail distribution viable for their distribution partners so they do a limited coverage in retail sector. Since these companies themselves do not emphasize on retail penetration so their distributors also take an escape route and adopt the way of easy selling through WS. However there are companies like Cadbury, Candyland, Mitchell’s and Mayfair that are fully aware of the importance of retail penetration .Hence these companies pay due importance and attention to retail coverage and subsequently allocate resources for retail sector. As stated earlier the emphasis of Hilal and B.P has always been on building consumer pull through mass media advertising ( mostly through television) and pushing their brands through wide-spread network of distributors and wholesalers throughout the nation . This combination of â€Å"Push Pull â€Å" has proved to be a successful tool in their cases because the nature of their brands also support this strategy as they produce products of mass market with as low price as Rs.1 , 2 and beyond. Because of this pricing strategy their products are equally popular in rural and urban towns among middle and lower middle class. B.P and Hilal having this advantage enjoy the benefits of a wide-spread distribution network in 300+ towns and over 350 dist ributors nation wide (as they have more than one distributors in some towns). They always try to adopt cost leadership strategy and generate revenues through high volumes of sales. Frequent launches, re-launches, re-introduction of old brands with slight modifications, withdrawals, adjustments in packaging, product designing and even recipe change are a common phenomenon in the brands of these two major companies. Contrary to this Cadbury’s , Candyland and Mitchell’s believe on establishing brands and brand equity and therefore protraction of quality up to last possible extend remains their top priority. Popular Brands , Price point and Trades’ margins: Popular Brands: In hard-boiled (candy) category: Price range 0.50 paisa-Re.1: Fanty (Candyland), AamRus (Hilal), Choran Chatni (Hilal), Kopra candy (Hilal), 4ever (Kidco), Butter Scotch (Candyland) and (Mitchell’s), Amrood (Mayfair), Creamers (Mayfair) and Fruit Bonbons (Mitchell’s) are famous brands. In soft-boiled (Toffees) category: Price range 0.50 paisa-Re.1: Spacer (B.P) – a brand of 450- 500 million PKR, Milk Toffee (Mitchell’s)- brand worth over 250 million PKR and Éclairs (Cadbury’s) can be ranked top three among others in this category. As of today (August 2010) there hardly exist any 50 paisa confectionery unit, those that were available, have been switched to Rs.1 price point. In Lolly Pops: Price range Re.2- Rs.3/- : twin-lolly (B.P), Paint n Pop (B.P), Kidco Pop (Kidco), Funny Bunny (Candyland) are popular among consumers. In Enrobed Chocolate category: Price range Re.1- Rs.5/- : Jubilee (Mitchell’s), 5 Star ( Cadbury) Perk (Cadbury’s), Now (Candyland), Dream (B.P), Choco Dip (B.P), Kat Kat (B.P) Unitee (Mitchell’s), Sonnet (Candyland), Luxuree (Mitchell’s), Chox (Kidco) and Paradise (Candyland) enjoy major share in the market. In Moulded Chocolate category: Price range Re.2- Rs.10/- :Dairy Milk (Cadbury’s), Cone (B.P), Mr. Bear (B.P) Twin Rabbit (B.P), Golden Hearts ( Mitchell’s), Velvet (Cadbury’s) are famous among other brands. In Bubble: Rs.1: Ding Dong (Hilal) in Rs. 1 and recently launched in Rs. 2 as well. The brand has worth about 1000 million PKR, Fresh Up (Hilal) – retail Rs.5/-, Tiger (Mayfair) and Kidco Bubble, Centro (Kidco) are leading brands. Though retailer’s margin varies from companies to companies and product to product but generally acceptable margin in local items for retail trade is between 15-25%. It is lower for fast-moving brands and higher in the case of slow-moving items. Drivers, Challenges and Key Trends: Drivers: Until mid 80’s chocolates was supposed to be the product of upper and upper middle class segment. In 1983 Mitchell’s Jubilee was launched first time in Pakistani market at Rs.3.50 per bar. Due to its attractive packaging, quality, affordable price and an intact media support the brand received un-matched reception and became a success story in Pakistani industry. The brand is still very popular among masses and available in three different price points at Rs.2, Rs.5 and Rs.10. In early 2000 Cadbury’s introduced quality products with affordable price. The launch of Dairy Milk (Rs.5/-), 5 Star (Rs.5/-), Velvet (Rs.5/-) and Perk (Rs.3) with attractive dispensing-chillers was the turning and revolutionary point for making chocolates the choice for every one. The role of Cadbury’s for expansion of chocolate market in Pakistan will always be written in golden words. Challenges: The most common challenges to this industry are soaring prices of raw material, high excise and import duties on raw material, high entry barrier because of strong monopolistic competition and influx of cheap imported brand through gray-Channels. Trends: Driven by marketing initiatives, consumer preferences are speedily changing in the favour of chocolates. Independent retailers and wholesalers are still the largest channel contributors however the role of International modern trade (Makro, Metro and HyperStar) is growing at the increasing rate. Foreign or imported brands are successfully targeting the lucrative premium segments in urban population. Nestle has recently revamp their sales and distribution management system through appointment of one of the leading distribution house in Pakistan. Large retailers and wholesalers have already started private imports by paying less import duties through tax evasions. The largest bakery and confectionery chain of Lahore is also considering for launching their own chocolate brands in a bid to grow their private label sales. Keeping these positive signs in mind one could expect that future of Chocolate and Confectionery market of Pakistan is promising. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Saif Dewan is a Brand, Sales and Distribution management specialist, brings with him fifteen years of blended experience of (FMCG) Sales, Marketing and Distribution Management. He has been associated with leading organizations of Pakistan including Mitchell’s and B.P sweets where he worked at strategic management positions . Dewan is presently associated with Muller Phipps Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd., as Business Development Manager. He has diverse experience in conducting strategic sales management, team building and leadership programs for organizations such as Mitchell’s, B.P Industries, Muller Phipps Pakistan, Meezan Bank, EFU General Insurance , Premier Agencies and many renowned educational institutions including University of Karachi and SZABIST etc. He received his Hons. and Master’s Degree at the University of Karachi, where he majored in economics, with marketing and management. Research Papers on Chocolate and Confectionery Industry of PakistanDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paper

How is the reasoning on the given issue adrift and how might that Thesis

How is the reasoning on the given issue adrift and how might that reasoning be approved I chose the issue of Legalization of M - Thesis Example One side is against Marijuana legalization and wants it to be banned or abolished because of the negative impacts, it could have on the human lives. On the other hand, the supporting side views at the positive effects of Marijuana, particularly its medicinal purposes and how its legalization could save many lives and alleviate the sufferings of many people. However, if one takes the supporting stance and favors legalization of Marijuana, the reasoning seems adrift regarding certain aspects. At the same time, a stronger reasoning can be formed in favor of legalization. So, this paper focusing on the issue of legalization of Marijuana will discuss how marijuana can aid many suffering people, although there seems to be some adrift, which can also be covered with more stronger reasoning. People suffering from certain health ailments and pro-groups consider Marijuana has an effective treatment option. Although marijuana is harmful to the physical and mental health if it is misused, none i s as tragic as the rejection of medicinal marijuana to many patients, who could have some of their physical and mental pain alleviated. Marijuana, commonly known as weed, pot, hash or cannabis is known for its intoxicating effect, often causing the individual to experience states of mental pleasure through a heightened effect of pleasure on the pain and sensory receptors. This is the reason why marijuana has been banned. However, it is important that we also realize the medical uses that the plant has, mainly acting as a pain reliever to those who suffer from ailments such as cancer, where other pain relievers are not quite as effective. In addition, Marijuana is being proved to be an effective cure or even a controlling cure for many health ailments. Thus, the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes is sure to make lives better for those who suffer from diseases as well as chronic pains. While analyzing the legal perspective, we understand that the government made the deci sion based on the anti-drug campaign and the overall social implications. Special attention was not given to the percentage of patients who are greatly benefited by the use of marijuana as a medical drug. Marijuana is the term given to the dried form of the hemp plant Cannabis Sativa. That is, it is a dry, shredded green and brown mix of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa (Shohov 1). The main chemical in the plant which gives the users a kind of mental ‘high’ (a kind of ‘false’ mental pleasure) and eventually many problems is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC for short. This is where the adrift in the reasoning comes into the picture. Here, the adrift takes place from chemical or even behavioral angle. That is, as Marijuana gives that mental high, it is being abused by the users in many ways. Marijuana users could suffer from various diseases, affecting different parts of the body. Firstly, Marijuana has a dang erous effect on the lungs’ functioning. As the inhaled Marijuana first enters the lungs, the carcinogens found in it, will get deposited in the lungs, leading to diseases like Cancer. â€Å"Marijuana users usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which further increases the lungs’ exposure to carcinogenic smoke† (â€Å"NIDA InfoFacts: Marijuana†). Following the lungs, the heart’s functioning will also affected by Marijuana. Inhaling of Marijuana increases the hearts’

Digital Reconsruction of America Tropical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Digital Reconsruction of America Tropical - Essay Example The America Tropical was created during the height of Siqueiros’ haunt for justice and freedom for all oppressed. He expressed it through that mural about all race whether Indians, Creoles, African-American, Mexican-Americans who were tyrannized by their governments. The mural scandalized officials of Olvera Street because it signifies imperialism and a very powerful statement. Olvera Street is an epitome of a Mexican marketplace, which is old-fashioned, folkloric, precious, busy, crowded, and persistently evading anything about political, outrageous and political. In other words, it is a very conservative and historic place for tourists and people who want a peaceful life in their surroundings. Siqueiros broke the silence when he painted it on the street combined with the political theme, but due to wide resistance from the officials, the mural eventually covered by white paint. But then again, the white paint in fact protected the mural from the effects of heavy rain and ext reme exposure to sunlight. Due to widespread acceptance and requests from Chicano artists, they campaigned for the preservation of the America Tropical and a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the restoration of the mural through a platform at the Olvera Street. Christine Sterling was never appreciative of this kind of artwork, she advocated for the rebuilding of the street into a tourist attraction with a theme of a Mexican marketplace. She wanted to expose the city’s Mexican heritage and even hired laborers from the recruited from the local jail to pursue her plans. She really wanted to preserve the city’s rich Mexican influence, but in essence, she never consulted the community of Mexican-Americans to discuss on how they can elaborate the significance and content of the restoration. It is subjective and the approach is more of authoritarian rather than participatory. She deprived the real voice and symbol of Olvera Street, which is the Mexican heritage and struggl e of the people in pursuit for freedom and justice. The objectives of Sterling is kind of related to the Mission Myth because of the romanticism it gets from the restoration and reconstruction project that only depicts tourism, charm and beauty behind the culture and Mexican heritage (Cadge-Moore). It does not encompass the reality of the heritage that is struggle and freedom for social justice and oppression. In addition, elements behind Sequeiros’ mural does not complement with the views of Sterling. The mural portrayed a central figure of an indigenous peasant tied around the double- crossed wood and above the Indian peasant is an eagle representing imperialism as the artist wanted to convey the many sufferings of the people under the government tyranny. A controversial masterpiece of Siqueiros combined public street art with political and revolutionary leanings. While Sterling wanted to create a venue of romanticism and contentment. Frida Kahlo Frida Kahlo is known for he r strong and progressive character who embraced her Mexican heritage throughout her lifetime. Although less influential during her time, her works became popular in the 20th century due to Chicano Movement. She joined the revolution along with her husband, Diego Rivera. Her paintings became a symbol of her character defining her experience and sufferings. One painting is her self-portrait entitled, â€Å"

Red Bull International Marketing Plan Business Essay

Red Bull International Marketing Plan Business Essay Red bull with no doubt has been transformed to multinational company by the product which invigorates peoples mind and body .Red bull is multinational is company offering only two products invigorating peoples mind and body. Its international success has become subject of interest for many researchers in field of international marketing. The current report addresses international marketing strategies of the Redbull company as major international player in energy drink and beverage industry. Customer loyalty and relative production cost are main advantages of the company. But company is threatened by major players of international market in its penetrated territories. Still company is enjoying growth in its international energy drink markets. Internal analysis of Red bull strategies has reviled use of conventional and unconventional markets to expand its international markets. The sophisticated HR strategies of the Redbull is another propellers of the company in international markets. Redbull follows focus differentiation strategy in beverage industry. So Red bull has become selected choice of massive young population, which sales 1 million can of energy drink every year. SWOT analysis of the company depicted some strengths and weaknesses. The analysis showed proper adoption of generic marketing strategy, right international segmentation, right targeting, right positioning and good sales record. The marketing strategy of red bull can be easily applied to different cultures around the world that have sizeable youth population. History Background History Being dressed in special way is not enough to be good seller in beverage industry. In an industry which its products are found every where like hypermarket, supermarket, grocery and even in clubs selling is not easy. Red bull was first introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz Austrian business man who teamed up with Thai person to bring production of traditional Thai drink to international level. The product was canned in silver shiny can and named Red Bull because it showed head to head bull fight. (Red Bull Founder Rides Wave of Success) In 1987, the product was then taken to Austria where it had its first groundbreaking success in no time. In started going international in 1992, when they entered Hungary. Red Bull is currently active in over 100 countries, energizing the population and creating competition as they go along. One source mentioned that there are over 150 energy drink brands, however, all inferior to the mighty Red Bull (A REFRESHED CREW IS AN EFFICIENT CREW). With over 1 billion cans sold each year, Red Bull controls 70% of the worlds market share of energy drinks. Background Red Bull became strong when they created a high quality drink that is only made in Austria. Furthermore, all of its ingredients are synthetically made in pharmaceutical companies to grantee high quality and safety. Moreover, due to the ingredients of the product, it is said that Red bull (Red Bull FAQ): Improves performance Improves concentration and reaction speed Improves vigilance Improves emotional status Stimulates metabolism However, the main reason for the success of Red Bull is in its advertising style. Red Bull tends to spend very little on conventional or traditional marketing tools, like TV and Print ads. Their marketing strategy is usually out of the box and creative. Red Bull tends to be more active in sponsoring extreme spots and giving away samples in local events. Due to the fact that Mateschitz has been involved in Formula One racing for more than a decade, he used the events to draw attention to his brand. In addition, he sponsored the World Stunt Awards, an annual fund-raiser to help injured stunt workers (Red Bull Founder Rides Wave of Success). Moreover, some observers say that Red Bull uses the anti-branding method of advertising, where they broke the usual method of marketing and branding. Actually what they did was use the buzz marketing strategy or better known as word of mouth. With this strategy, they associated their brand with the youth culture and extreme and adventure-related spo rts, such as motor sports, mountain biking, snowboarding and dance music. Thus they targeted their brand directly to people from Generation Y, the so-called millennials: people born after 1981 who were believed to be cynical of traditional marketing strategies (A Look at a Key Feature of Red Bulls Business). The Buzz over Red Bull among the youth and their underground attitude has created Red Bulls reputation as the drink within that community. That is why Red Bull continues to use Viral marketing internationally, where the company would rather restrict the supply of Red Bull and not advertise it, expecting that growing numbers of target consumers to catch the bug and its reputation would spreads. Through this strategy, Red Bull has successfully captured 70% of the à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤1.6 billion market (A Look at a Key Feature of Red Bulls Business). External Analysis Porter Five Force Analysis External analysis is very important, the analyst taking this step should be aware of how competitive strategy has to be formulated. The analyst must bring all relevant social and economic factors in both micro and macro environment to consideration. The people in charge of formulating competitive strategy of the companies should know all strategic options available to the company. They should know all forces inside and outside industry affecting the company. Michael porter has unique framework for industry analysis and formulation of the strategy. Rivalry among existing competitors, buyers, suppliers, potential entrants into the business and Threat of substitute products are those five forces which can have positive or negative effects on industry structure by making the industry more or less competitive. Potential Entrants Redbull can produce bubble less energy drinks among other soft drink producers. If the barriers of entry are high, it is difficult for potential competitors to enter the market. Three main sources of barriers to new entry: brand loyalty of red bull customers, absolute cost advantages in Redbull s production line, and economies of scale enjoyed b RedBull. Brand loyalty Customers of RedBull have become loyal to the brand. The attend special events sponsored by the Redbull, respond to professional advertisement put by the company and name is known for its quality among its customers. Brand loyalty is a barrier for any new entrant to enter the energy drink industry. Cost advantage According to the Michael Porter, normally cost disadvantage is a big barrier for companies to enter an industry as new entrants because it can be cost advantage for existing companies in that industry. Also, companies with the help of cost advantages can compete and beat their competitors very easily because usually it is difficult for new entrants to match their companies with the lower cost structure. Therefore, Red Bull because of Red Bulls superior production and operation processes, and their experience in the energy drink industry, and control of its inputs according to their experience in producing red bull drinks, benefit the cost advantages with keeping its quality in the high level. Although there are many energy drinks existing in the industry with the lower price rather than Red Bull, as quality aspect they have not cost advantages both in quality and price, so Red Bull is steps ahead from its competitors in this case. Customer switching cost In food and beverage industry there is no switching cost for costumers with considering the level of quality, therefore it can be considered as threat for existing companies in this industry. In this case, Red Bull is not exceptional, so they need to keep their quality at the same level to not loosing their market share by coming new entrants because it is real threat for them. Government regulations One of big issues and always concerns for companies which like to go internationally is government regulation, also, in this case some Europe countries have problem with selling Red Bull and have tried to ban it. They claim that Red Bull was the cause of death of people in those countries. France, Belgium, and Sweden ban using the mixture of Red Bull and alcohol. So, it can be a threat for them in taking the market share and having a bad image for their brand. . (French Ban on Red Bull (drink) Upheld By European Court) Intensity of Rivalry Rivalry in some industries is characterized by such phrases as warlike, bitter, or cutthroat, whereas in other industries it is termed polite or gentlemanly. Energy drink industry has an intense rivalry because of a number of interacting structural factors: Industry competitive structure Due to the competition in the energy drink market, Red Bull focuses on non-price competitive weapon like offering exhilarating events, high quality products and sponsorship. In contrast with other competitors Red Bull attract more costumers to its company by growing in 45%marketshare. Accordingly Red Bull has a major influence on its competitors performance in the industry because Red Bull is one of the pioneers in energy drink industry and many companies try to obey and consider Red Bull as benchmark. Industry demand In the energy drink industry, because of the various proper advertisements to encourage people to use and drink energy drinks (giving the image that people can fly) the demand for drinks is increasing. Thus, this is a good point for the company because there are lots of opportunities for every company to fill the current demand and rivalry tend to reduce in the industry, also there is space for everyone to jump in enter the industry (growing stage), and the profit of the company is going to increase which is a goal that every company is seeking it. Buyers Having strong and stable costumers are suppliers and producers concerns, producers like to have costumers with large quantity level of ordering and stable financial status basically in energy drink industry especially Red Bull costumers (buyers) are wholesalers and big retailers. These buyers buy the energy drinks through the company or its representatives, and resell them to supermarket, bars, restaurants and end users. Red Bull faces buyers with high level of bargaining power, and it is real risk for Red Bull. Main reasons for this high bargaining power of buyers in this case are; the switching costs in the energy drink industry are very low. So, Red Bull buyers can switch from Red Bull to other energy drink companies which produce it with lower prices without any difficulty. Also, in most cases energy drink buyers (retailers and wholesalers) purchase products in large quantities, and it is obvious that the more buying in quantity, the more bargaining power the buyer has. So they c an use their power to reduce the cost of energy drinks. Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is the same story like bargaining power of buyers but from other side. Red Bull company has both kind of suppliers as bargaining power, some very strong and others weak, so they can balance between them. For instance, the supplier of Glucuronolactone is Glaxo Smithkline Company. Red Bull energy drink buys their Glucurnopolacton inputs from this company. So the bargaining power of this supplier is very high on Red Bull. But the other ingredients are assembled from several small suppliers, and Red Bull has the bargaining power on them. Also, Red Bull has many channels and substitutes suppliers for its normal raw materials, so they can switch from any supplier to cheaper and more flexible one. Substitutes All producers always carry the concern of substitute products for their products and always looking for ways to protect and survive themselves from this phenomenon. Energy drink industry isnt an exception, so players in this industry always try to keep level of quality high, convenience price and other thing which may make costumers more satisfy. Coffee industry can be a threat for energy drinks because of the existing caffeine in coffee and it can be a powerful potential product substitute for energy drink. Therefore, Red bull must take care of its pricing strategy and product quality to keep its costumers and satisfy them more day by day which they were successful due to reports not only Red Bull could protect its products against other substitutes but also, they have increased in their market share in US market by 45% . Industry Analysis and Peer Review Industry Characteristics Beverage industry is divided into many categories such as alcoholic vs. non alcoholic, (hard vs. soft drinks) and within soft drinks still there is other segmentation such as carbonated soft drink (CSD) and non carbonated soft drink. Carbonated Energy Drinks account for less than half of the total volume. This figure is heavily skewed however by the popularity of still brands in Asia (Canadean Press release) According to Beverage Digest, in 2004 the U.S. non-alcoholic refreshment market totaled 14 billion cases (192-oz). Carbonated soft drinks made up 73.1% of the total with non-carbonated products comprising 13.7% and packaged bottled water accounting for 13.2%. Americans spent roughly $92.9 billion annually on refreshment beverages. Energy drink is a relatively new product introduced in 80s and has been growing noticeably with the market more than doubling in size since 1998 (Canadean Press release). The following chart is evidence of this inevitable growth and the attraction of this growth for drink manufacturer. The industry has been experiencing a significant growth and still growing at the speed that draws the big players in soft like Coca Cola drink to enter to this high margin business. Food and beverage market are critical enough that out of 100 new product development 90 NPD fails. The failure results from a poor interpretation of consumers trend and translation of those to opportunities. Austrian company, Red Bull, as a pioneer trend settler has made its fortune from their unique strategies in advertising, marketing and other products characteristics such as Packaging, Flavor, color and Product claim. Global consumption According to Beverage digest report, Asia is the largest leading market in consumption of energy drinks followed by Western Europe and North America as the second and third markets. Asia has been loosing some of 20% of its market share is past 6 years. However, this decline has been offset by the second and third market mainly due to the steady growth in market of carbonated E.D in North America. North American market is now almost 40 times greater than it was in 1998 Peer Review In North America today more than 200 energy drinks existed in US. According to bevNET.com, after a rigorous marketing research the best energy drinks are AMP by Pepsi Cola, KMX Red by Coca-Cola Company Red Bull by Red Bull North America. Red Bulls market dominance seems assured. No other competitors have either the distribution channels or, more importantly, the posture of rebellious infamy to be considered real threats. Year 2001, in UK energy drinks market 21 new drinks have been introduced that would have force the red bull into a competition. However, red bull can still enjoy being a market leader. In the following table there are representations of top 14 non- alcoholic markets where some of them are in the specific market of the energy drinks. Coca-Cola(Juice, Soft Drinks, Water) ($21bn) Suntory(Water, Soft Drinks) ($4.4bn) Nestle(Coffee, Soft Drinks, Water) ($19bn) Starbucks(Coffee) ($4.0bn) PepsiCo(Juice, Soft Drinks, Water) ($10bn) Sara Lee(Coffee) ($2.7bn) Kraft Foods(Coffee, Powdered Drinks) ($4.6bn) Tchibo(Coffee) ($2.7bn) Unilever(Tea ) ($4.5bn) Red Bull(Energy Drinks) ($1.6bn) Cadbury Schweppes(Soft Drinks) ($4.5bn) Cott Corp(Juice, Soft Drinks) ($1.4bn) Danone(Soft Drinks, Water) ($4.5bn) Ocean Spray Source: http://www.mind-advertising.com/sectors/sector_softdrinks.htm Industry Life Cycle Energy drinks were originally pioneered by Asian companies, but they became popular in Europe the late 80s with the arrival of Red Bull. There are more than 200 energy drinks existed in US market only and this figure is increasing due to the high margin of this business. In 2004, carbonated soft drinks posted the growth of 1% which is unlike its usual trend, case of growing 2% to 4%. Noticeably, this inevitable growth was driven by Diet and Energy drinks. While other carbonated drinks posted volume change of one Digit, brands like Red Bull and Hansen Natural reported the 45% and 56% of positive volume change in 2004. The market, now estimated to be worth $10 million, has been predicted to grow to $300 million or even as much as $2 billion in the next few years. Double digit growth in the market is the main factor contributing to Energy drinks life cycle in its embryonic phase (growth). Since the market is not old enough, the number of players are increasing and even the Coca Cola and Pepsi are the new entrant which add to the well-built assumption of embryonic phase. Brand loyalty and high expectations are still questionable in this stage and its because the consumers are still exposing to new products and new claims. Thus, players are fighting for product feature extension such as low-carbs and sugar free plus new products claims such as improve concentration, reaction time and endurance. After introduction of Red Bull in late 80s, industry went to an introduction phase. By 1998, the size of the industry doubled and still growing with a fast pace following highlighted area in the graph is an approximate stage of the life cycle at the moment. Internal Analysis Value Chain Primary Activity: Inbound outbound logistics Logistical issues at Red Bull in of high importance. Due to the fact that all ingredients in the Red Bull drink is synthetically made by pharmaceutical companies, they make sure that their products are carefully handled to maintain the quality and avoid unnecessary costs. Red Bull always makes sure that they align with premium logistics provider to achieve their strategic goals. Red Bull aims to have web-based visibility on their supply chain, thus they base their logistical activities or selection on: Flexible warehouse network Transportation management capabilities Strong information technology offering With 1,600 employees working for Red Bull world wide (Gulf News, Red Bull plans to set up Dubai plant), Red Bull required those standards as they are experiencing year-after-year of high growth, which make the inventory forecasting and management challenging. That is why logistical issues have become increasingly important, and that is why they choose to outsource the logistics to companies that can comply with their network of multi-client warehouses needs (Red Bull OH Logistics). Interestingly, Red Bull uses small distributors in small regional markets, if those small distributors dont perform up to Red Bulls standards they establish a warehouse and push young people to stuff their vans with Red Bulls product and distribute it every where. This way, the small distributors generally break even within three months and are profitable within six (A Bulls Market The marketing of Red Bull Energy Drink). Primary Activity: Operations There is little information about the operations process of Red Bull. However we will enlighten you with the contents and brief information about the packaging company that Red Bull deals with. The great product which is provided by Red Bull one of its main elements of success. Known for improving performance, improving concentration and reaction speed, improving vigilance, improving emotional status and stimulating metabolism, Red Bulls secret is in its ingredients. The ingredients in each Red Bull drink (250ml) consist of: Taurine (1000mg) Glucuronolacton (600mg) Caffeine (80mg) Niacin (20mg) Vitamin B6 (5mg) Pantothenic Acid (5mg) Vitamin B12 (0.005mg) According to Red Bull, It is a combination of all the ingredients together, which result in Red Bulls benefits (Red Bull, Ingredients).. The packaging process of Red Bull is fully done in Austria. And the supplier of Red Bulls cans is Rexam, and they are considered to be the worlds largest provider of beverage cans. Rexam manufactures different types of cans for different industries, however almost half of their revenues come from Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola. Moreover, industry estimates present that Rexam gained about $22 million from the sales of Red Bull cans (How Does Red Bull Package Its Product?). Primary Activity: Marketing and Sales: With the control of 70% of the à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤1.6 billion market (about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤1.12 billion), Red Bull has achieved all of this through intensive unconventional marketing strategies. Targeting young people, mainly the Y-generation, Red Bull has utilized eccentric marketing tools that has extremely effective on the target market. The strategy of sponsoring local activities like the Red Bull music academy in the USA, parachuting in South Africa, Go-Karts in Kuwait, and many more in different countries has achieved its target of attracting its target market which gets excited when viewing such sports. Some of the strategies used for marketing Red Bull include: Using pick-up trucks as mobile displays, painted blue and silver with a giant can of the drink mounted on top of the vehicle. Designed to be eye-catching, these devices were aimed at promoting the red bull brand as youthful and slightly off-the-wall. Cans of the drink were also given out free to people on the street who had been identified as being in need of energy. Red Bull was given to club DJs, empty cans would also be left on tables in hot spots such as trendy bars, clubs and pubs. Secondary Activity: Technology The information about the technology that Red Bull uses was quite scares. However we could safely say that Red Bull little activity done on their RD side because Red Bull does enjoy any sort of economies of scale. Red Bull has only one main product, which is the Red Bull energy drink and recently they introduced the new Red Bull energy drink sugar-free. Hence, the main difference between the original Red Bull drink and the sugar-free drink is that it has 0g of sucrose and 0g of glucose, where the original product has 21.5g of sucrose and 5.25g of glucose. Moreover, each sugar-free drink has only 8 calories (EU)/ 10 calories (USA), yet it does not loose any of its energetic effects (Red Bull, Ingredients). Secondary Activity: Human Recourse Red Bull is famous for practicing what they preach, especially when it comes to recruitment. Due to the fact that Red Bull promotes their product as a Hip and young product, they make sure to recruit staffs that are young, in touch with youth culture, dynamic and innovative. For example, they achieve that by recruiting university students as student brand managers to promote its product among young student groups (What Sort of People Work For Red Bull?). However their recruiting does not happen by Red Bull themselves, but they makes sure that it is implemented by all of the outsourced activities. However, it is known that most of Red Bulls 1,600 employees are marketing experts and are the real movers of the Red Bull drink (Marketing Eye, Red Bull Car). Group Customers and Market Segmentation As it is known any successful company should have a certain customer group. The customers that were targeted by Red Bull were the ones that were looking for excitement, alertness, and concentration depending on the age, status, and lifestyle. Four consumer categories were Red Bulls target under the age of 16-30: students, club people, sport people, and employees. College students were the main target of Red Bull. Since college students look for something that would enhance their concentration on doing their assignments and projects, and staying overnight for studying for exams then Red Bull is the best solution for them. It would improve their concentration in their studying Moreover; Red Bull has used this group to enhance their promotion. According to Biz/ed, throw parties those students were emboldened to market the product in the campuses of the universities as what they call them student brand managers. Those students collect the information and make a report of a market data research to the company. Depending on that strategy and the youth generation (high school and colleges students), Red Bull was able to spread the reputation and the popularity of the drink and concentrating on supplying the product rather than applying the traditional marketing ways of promotion (A Look at a Key Feature of Red Bulls Business). The second category of Red Bull customers are the night club people, since the drink has some substances that would increase the persons emotional status. Moreover, Red Bull is offered in the nightclubs depending on the cultural background. For example, nightclubs in Dubai offer Red Bull for the people who do not drink alcohol like the Muslims, which made it a major substitute for alcohol to that group. However, Red Bull is still individually mixed with alcohol to create both the Red Bull highness and the alcohol sensation. Furthermore, Red Bull has also made music events for those groups of customers like the Red Bull Music Academy in 2005 in Seattle, Washington in the United States. (Red Bull Music Academy 2005) For the physical exertion that the drink offers, Red Bull has also promoted the product for the sport people. Among those people, there are the athletes, the racing drivers, the airborne-sport people, water-sport people, the bikers, the skateboarders, and the skiers. Red Bull highly endorsed this group with many sport festivals, and one of the famous one among those is the Red Bull Dolomite Man that took place in Austria in 2005. (Red Bull Dolomite Man) Red Bulls minor groups are the white-collar and the blue-collar workers. Red Bull can support white-collar workers to concentrate more on the job to improve their performance, and it would also help them stay overnight if he or she needed. The drink would also allow the blue-collar workers to work extra hours with out the feeling of exhaustions for the physical exertion that the drink provides. However, Red Bull did not concentrate on this group, so there were no special efforts directed towards them. Within the four groups, there a considerable amount of customers who look for diet product. For that category, Red Bull produced the sugar-free Red Bull to combine the diet customers with rest of the customers that are within the four groups. Business Level and Generic Strategy In the generic strategy Red Bull there are two views, there is a generic strategy from energy drink market perspective, and there is a generic strategy from soft drink market perspective. From the energy drink market perspective, since Red Bull has few economies of scope, the strategy adopted by Red Bull to follow is differentiation. The price of the drink is about 5Dhs in the UAE, which shows the clear differentiation of the product, especially in a market where every body is competing on the same customer segment. According to Biz/ed, Red Bull was able to build a strong brand image through: using Red Bull cars that had big cans on them, giving free cans to people, and providing Red Bull cans to club DJs (A Look at a Key Feature of Red Bulls Business). This strategy made Red Bull to be the market leader of 70% market in the energy drink market. From the soft drink market industry wide perspective Red Bull applies the Focused-differentiation generic strategy. Red Bull has a very good brand image in terms of soft drinks industry. The drink can only maintain this image through focus-differentiating the product by separating their customers according to the demography (age, lifestyle, culture) and the geography, since the industry has many aggressive competitors with a powerful brand image like Coca Cola and Pepsi. SWOT Strengths Industry leadership Throughout the world, Red bull is the leader in the energy drinks market with annual sales of billion dollars. According to the statistics, in year 2003 red bull achieved 80% brand share of the energy drinks market in the UK. Also in the Europe, they produce two-thirds of overall volume in the region. Moreover, Red bull is competing in 13 West European countries and is the main leader in 12 of these and other top 20 brands are having only 17% of share. Since year 2000 (compare to 1990s), it has been a clear shakeout, and fewer new brands are launching new products to the market. Furthermore many products offered by leading drink manufacturers could not compete with Red bull in the market, such as Coca-Colas Burn. (Red Bull SWOT Analysis) Marketing capabilities The successful marketing strategies and consumer awareness of Red bull introduced stimulation drinks to the western market and has resulted functional drinks growth throughout these years. Red bull is increasing its consumer brand awareness by employing targeted marketing campaigns that focuses on 18-25 age groups. Also the company has been differentiating its product by sponsoring dangerous sports such as Formula 1 driving; free skiing; BMX biking etc. Furthermore, Red bull strongly promotes itself by using its slogan: Red bull gives you wings. (Red Bull SWOT Analysis) Alliance with major distributors Red bull has expanded its brands marketing distribution by establishing an association with Cadbury Schweppes in Australia. This association allows consumers to have access to Red bull across the nation. As a result of this partnership, sales of Red bull are 40% higher compared to last year and expecting to rise significantly year-by-year. Furthermore, this partnership can reduce competitive threats from Red bulls rivals and broaden its sales opportunities due to the fact that Cadbury Schweppes can help it to reach channels such as vending machines, food courts, colleges, sports a travel facilities, hospitals etc. Another partnership that Red Bull North America did was with Ozburn-Hessey Logistics, where Red Bull saw its supply chain get boosted last year. OH Logistics, Red Bulls single national provider, handled more than 16,000 shipments of the drink during 2004 and opened five locations in five states in the first 90 days of operation. (Red Bull OH Logistics) (Red Bull SWOT Analy sis) Weaknesses Lack of innovation In year 2004 some new energy drinks have been entered into the market. One of them is called Raw Energy Fuel Cell, which is Canadian vitamin and glucose drink and is certified by World Wrestling Entertainment. This product has quiet the same effects that Red bull has except that it does not contain Taurine and has less caffeine compared to other energy drinks. Furthermore it comes in 330ml PET bottles, which makes it look different compared to Red bull (250ml cans) and other competitors. However Red bull only made little changes to its product format throughout th