Thirty Years War Essay Example For Students

Thirty Years War Essay The reasons for the Thirty Years War can be followed as far back as the renaissance time frame. It was during the renaissance that such goals as secularism, humanism, independence, realism or more all else secularism were first clear in standard society. These thoughts prompted the protestant reconstruction, which is a significantly more straightforward reason for the war. The split of the Catholic Church, because of the protestant transformation left Europe in a condition of strict unrest and bedlam. The progressive increment in prejudice and strict sectionalism that harmonized with the expansion of new religions and considerably greater decent variety has been set apart as the fundamental driver of the Thirty Years War. The impacts of the war would end up being annihilating to the vast majority of Europe, confirm by the sharp drop in populace, yet it was particularly wrecking to Germany. In any case, there were a few nations and assemblages of individuals that rose up out of the co ntention improved, for example, France, Sweden, and the religion of Calvinism. There were numerous regional and dynastic issues that figured in the flare-up and lead of the war too, however it is accepted that these components didn't get significant until the center phases of the war. The regional and dynastic causes, which go connected at the hip, did be that as it may, cause the war to proceed with longer than it in all probability would have if religion had been the main thought process. The degree of strict thought processes therefor is discussed, yet can't be excused. The prompt reasons for the war started with the obstruction and inevitable revolt of Protestant aristocrats in Bohemia, because of the strict narrow mindedness referenced previously, which was under Hapsburg mastery, against the Catholic ruler Ferdinand. The reasons and foundations for its spread all through Europe incorporate the established feebleness of the Holy Roman Empire, the powerlessness of the German sta tes to act in show, and the aspirations of other European forces. These were the causes that would in the end be answerable for the war enduring as long as it did. We will compose a custom article on Thirty Years War explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The political thought processes turned out to be increasingly more common when Sweden entered the war to support the Protestant reason. Sweden didn't enter the war for strict reasons by any means; they were hoping to pick up land. At long last it appeared that religion was totally overlooked and deserted as a reason when Catholic France and Protestant Sweden united against the Catholic Hapsburgs. France was stressed that the Hapsburgs were getting excessively incredible so they chose to state their impact into the war. The outcomes and impacts of the war and the two harmony settlements were profoundly noteworthy. France supplanted Spain as the best force in Europe. With Sweden, France had hindered the Habsburg endeavors to fortify their clout in the Empire. At Westphalia, the privilege of the individual states inside the Empire to make war and finish up unions was perceived. In principle just as actually, the most significant of these states turned out to be for all intents and purposes self-ruling, and German solidarity was deferred for over two centuries. The Empire was additionally dismantled by the acknowledgment of the autonomy of Switzerland and the seven northern regions of the Netherlands. Two new powers developed in northern Germany. France got a large portion of Alsace by the Treaty of Westphalia, and by the Treaty of Pyrenees parts of Flanders and Artois in the Spanish Netherlands and terrains in the Pyrenees. The strict settlement at Westphalia affirmed the power of Catholicism in southern Germany and of Protestantism in northern Germany. The rule acknowledged by the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 that Catholic and Lutheran rulers could decide the religion rehearsed in their domain was kept up, and this benefit was reached out to incorporate the Calvinists too. .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .postImageUrl , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:visited , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:active { border:0!important; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:active , .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b95 81 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue75b2bf065b95af2d78ba133901b9581:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Biotechnology EssayThe Austrian Habsburgs had flopped in their endeavors to build their clout in the Empire and to annihilate Protestantism, yet they rose up out of the war more grounded than previously. In Bohemia, they had gotten rid of Protestantism, broken the intensity of the old honorability, and proclaimed the crown inherited in the male line of their family. With Bohemia now immovably in their grip and with their enormous gathering of connecting domains, they were prepared to extend toward the east in the Balkans, toward the south in Italy, or to meddle again in the

Ems Case Study Essay Example

Ems Case Study Essay A CT was requested and uncovered sores on the left cerebrum around 2-3 cams in length. Tolerant was planned to leave for Texas tomorrow for additional assessment. Patients spouse portrays this ongoing occasion as mellow ticks to one side arm with short Intermittent breaks In seizure movement. Patients essential signs were 136/78 with a heartbeat of 112. Breath sounds are clear and heart sounds are typical. DNS uncover reduced hold in left arm. Spouse expresses this is ordinary since his past seizure on July first. Patients skin pink, warm and gently diaphragmatic. Patients LOC is lessened. Patient can react quickly to verbal orders. Persistent is encountering gentle central engine seizure action to one side arm and head/neck. Patients lab information Is ordinary except for his Together level. Patients Together is right now 4. 2 versus.. An ordinary scope of 8-12. Patients liver chemicals were as of now typical which Is Improved from his July first levels that were low. Understanding is right now taking: Disappear, OMG DID for the treatment of seizures. Fomentation MGM BID for a peptic ulcer. Together MGM BID for treatment of seizures. Viding, 2-3 q-blunder PR for help with discomfort. Dad requested foundation of IV with a saline lock, 02 at 4 Imp by NC and 3-lead observing. Divan 0. Ml offered IPP to mitigate seizure. Wreckage PLAN OF ACTION Protect the patient from hurt and sit idle If seizure last under two minutes. On the off chance that seizure Is drawn out (>2 minutes) secure patients aviation route and give pull varying. Build up huge bore IV with ordinary saline at TOOK and give 02 as Indicated. Consider and acquire request for Vellum 5-MGM VISP or Versed OMG IM If IV get to isn't accessible. May likewise give Versed 2. OMG IV if necessary. Set up gauge vials Ana twilight caracal urn Hoyt. I rainspout AS We will compose a custom paper test on Ems Case Study explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Ems Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Ems Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

The Misinformation Effect and False Memories

The Misinformation Effect and False Memories Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Misinformation Effect and False Memories By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 19, 2020 Thomas Barwick / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Research Potential Causes Influencing Factors View All Back To Top The misinformation effect?? refers to the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event. Researchers?? have shown that the introduction of even relatively subtle information following an event can have a dramatic effect on how people remember. The misinformation effect can lead to inaccurate memories and, in some cases, even result in the formation of false memories. The misinformation effect illustrates just how easily memories can be influenced and raises concerns about the reliability of memory, particularly in the case of eyewitness memories used to determine criminal guilt.   Overview The work of  psychologist  Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues has demonstrated that the questions asked after a person witnesses an event can actually have an influence on the persons memory of that event.?? Sometimes when a question contains misleading information, it can distort the memory of the event, a phenomenon that psychologists have dubbed the misinformation effect.   Loftus herself has explained, The misinformation effect refers to the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information.?? Research In a famous experiment conducted by  Loftus,?? participants were shown video footage of a traffic accident. After watching the clip, the participants were then asked a number of questions about what they had observed, much in the same way police officers, accident investigators, and attorneys might question an eyewitness. One of the questions asked was, How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?  In some instances, however, a subtle change was made; participants were instead asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other. What the researchers discovered was that simply using the word smashed instead of hit could change how the participants remembered the accident. A week later, the participants were once again asked a series of questions, including Did you see broken glass? Most of the participants correctly answered no, but those who had been asked the smashed into version of the question in the initial interview were more likely to incorrectly believe that they had indeed seen broken glass. How can such a minor change lead to such differing memories of the same video clip? Experts suggest that this is an example of the misinformation effect at work. This memory phenomenon takes place when introducing misleading or incorrect information into memory and even contribute to the formation of false memories. Why the Misinformation Effect Happens So why exactly does the misinformation effect happen? There are a few different theories:?? One explanation is that the original information and the misleading information presented after the fact get blended together in memory.Another possibility is that the misleading information actually overwrites the original memory of the event.Researchers have also suggested that since the misleading information is more recent in memory, it tends to be easier to retrieve.In other cases, the pertinent data from the original event may never have been encoded into memory in the first place, so that when misleading information is presented, it is incorporated into the mental narrative to fill in these gaps in memory. Influencing Factors A number of factors?? contribute to the misinformation effect and make it more likely that false or misleading information distorts memories of events: Time: If the misleading information is presented sometime after the original memory, it is likely to be much more accessible in memory. This means that the misleading information is much easier to retrieve, effectively blocking the retrieval of the original, correct information. Discussing the Event with Other Witnesses: Talking to other witnesses following an event can distort the original memory of what really happened. The reports given by other witnesses might conflict with the original memory, and this new information might reshape or distort the witnesss original memory of events as they occurred. News Reports: Reading news stories and watching television reports of an accident or event can also contribute to the misinformation effect. People often forget the original source of information, which means that they might mistakenly believe that a piece of information was something they observed personally when really it was something they heard in a post-event news report. Repeated Exposure to Misinformation: The more often people are exposed to misleading information, the more likely they are to incorrectly believe that the misinformation was part of the original event. A Word From ?Verywell The misinformation effect can have a profound impact on our memories. So what can we do to prevent intervening information and events from leading to altered or even false memories? Writing down your memory of an important event immediately after it happens is one strategy that might help minimize the effects. Of course, even this strategy might introduce subtle errors and write these mistakes down  will further cement them in your memory. Being aware of just how susceptible to influence memory can be is also a good strategy. While you might have a very good memory, understand that anyone can be affected by the misinformation effect. The Mandela Effect and Examples

Essay on Dbq Mini Q Renaissance Hq Student Fi - 2066 Words

Renaissance Mini-Q Class Name ( hour): Name: How Did the Renaissance Change Mans View of Man? †¢ Overview: The word renai ssance means rebirth or revival. In world history, the Renaissance is used to describe a period in Europe that began around the year 1400 and lasted until about 1700. Thanks in large part to the scientific and cultural advances made during this time , people saw them ­ selves in a new way. The impact of the Renaiss ance was powerful and has endured for centuries. This Mini-Q asks you to explore how this exciting and important era changed the concept of what it means to be human. The Documents: Document A: The Individual in Art Document B: Mans Inner Nature Document C: Man s Place in the Universe Document†¦show more content†¦Some freed serfs migrated to towns, where they took up trades. The num ­ ber of merchants and bankers increased. Since these people needed to have an education to effectively carry on their work, literacy spread. Eventually, educated people began to question the teachings of the Church. A movement called humanism developed, which praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual. As more people became educated, human ­ ism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences, and medicine. The early Renaissance was especially vigor ­ ous in the city-states of Italy - place s like Rome , Venice, Florence, and Milan. The invention of the printing press in the mid-1400s gave the Re ­ naissance and humanism even more momentum. Initially, the Renais sance was an upper-middle class movement, but thank s to the mechanization of printing, shopkeepers and street sweepers were able to afford books and article s that discussed the new ideas spreading acro ss Europe. As a result, people started to look at themselves in a new way. But what, exactly, was this new way? Examine the documents that follow and answer the question: How did the Renaissance change man s view of man ? This page may be reproduced for classroom use 435 †¢ Renaissance Mini-Q Background Essay Questions 1. What is the meaning of the word renaissance? Describe the time period known as the Renaissance. 2. In general terms, how would you

The Glass Menagerie Analysis - 852 Words

The Glass Menagerie While reading Tennessee Williams play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, readers are drawn into the drama and disaster that is the Wingfield family. This book was written very much like an autobiography of Williams life. There were several different film and television versions of this play done thru the years from 1950 to 1987. After watching several different adaptations, Paul Newman’s film adaptation in 1987 is extremely faithful to the written version. Focusing on plot, setting, and character development the audience is introduced to a family with an austere future structured around a series of abandonments, difficulty accepting reality and the impossibility of true escape. Both versions begin with a narrator looking†¦show more content†¦When Amanda finds out this new information she is furious at Tom and in Newman’s movie version she is visibly shook up when she says to Tom, [That’s right, now that you’ve had us make such fools of ourselves. To entertain some other girl’s fiancà ©! Don’t think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister who’s crippled and has no job! Just go, go, go!]. There are only a few different setting changes throughout, all taking place in one main room. Still each scene has a very powerful message. The entire production is supposed to give the audience the illusion of confinement and limitation. The glass collection is an escape for Laura as she spends time playing with the pieces. The picture of a departed father is a source of regret for Amanda and a beacon for Tom to follow. Character development is the most important aspect of both versions. Readers get a sense for the characters and what makes them act the way they do. We begin at the family dining table where the meal cannot be enjoyed as Williams shows us a mother who is over bearing and unreasonable with, â€Å"TOM: I haven’t enjoyed one bite of this dinner because of your constant directions on how to eat it. It’s you that make me rush through meals with your hawklike attention to every bite I take†. (6) Later in the movie Amanda is showing those same traits with Laura when she stuffs two powder puffs down the front of Laura’s dress and says [They call them ‘GayShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Laura In The Glass Menagerie1579 Words   |  7 PagesLonging for Impossible Freedom: An analysis of Laura in The Glass Menagerie The French actor and enthusiast, Vincent Cassel, pronounced â€Å"You can’t escape from what you are†. No matter how much a person dislikes who they are, they will never be able to escape their body and their mind. People can attempt to forget who they are and what their life is like, but in the end, they will always be stuck in their current situation. Similarly, Laura, in The Glass Menagerie, deals with her self consciousnessRead MoreAnalysis Of The Glass Menagerie 1007 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reason is they are unhappy with their life’s circumstances. There are many ways in which to escape reality today. Movies, dancing, video games and books to name a few. Many people use this in order to escape from everyday problems. In â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† the Wingfield family uses fantasy to escape from their unsatisfied lives. Abandoned by her husband, Amanda cannot remove herself from her youth when she was visited by many gentleman callers. All of her callers were well off and respectableRead MoreAnalysis Of The Glass Menagerie 1744 Words   |  7 PagesKerry G. Stalter Professor Ruth Reis-Palatiere ENC 1102 December 1, 2015 Contrasts in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie lures the audience into taking a voyeuristic glimpse into the private lives of the Wingfield family, which consist of Amanda, the domineering mother of two adult children, Tom and Laura, and who welcomes Jim, a â€Å"gentleman caller† hosting him to a gay evening in the grandest Antebellum tradition. The contrasts in William’s play are manifested through the character traitsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Glass Menagerie 1104 Words   |  5 PagesDiaman Nichols Jennifer Viereck ENG 102-A01 4 October 2015 The Illusion of Escape in The Glass Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the primarily characters exhibit a state of illusion that originates from their dissatisfaction and unhappiness with their lives. Tom seeks adventure in the movies. Amanda reminisces often about her days as a Southern Belle. Laura sits in a dream world with her glass collection, and Jim wallows in the praises of his high school glory. In their own uniqueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play The Glass Menagerie 1281 Words   |  6 PagesDevin Simpson Professor Carusp The Glas Menagerie 4/29/15 Within the play The Glass Menagerie, Amanda, Laura, and Tom Wingfield all of have their own dreams that are continuously destroyed by the harshness of reality. Amanda, stuck in the ease of her youth, tries to relive her life through her daughter Laura. Being crippled both physically and mentally, Laura struggles to escape the bubble she has created around herself that her mother Amanda so strongly tries to force her out of. Tom whom, althoughRead MoreEssay on The Glass Menagerie: An Analysis1556 Words   |  7 PagesLaura’s older brother), Jim Connor (Tom and Laura’s old acquaintance from high school) and Mr. Wingfield (father to Tom and Laura, and Amanda’s husband)- who abandoned the family long before the start of the play. The title, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, represented a collection of glass animals on display in the Wingfields’ home. At one point or another, these animals then represented each character when they couldn’t accept reali ty. The theme of this play were about the characters’ struggles to accept the truthRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Individualism Analysis1302 Words   |  6 PagesIndividualism is a staple piece of a person’s character not only in a book, but in life as well. Some people pride themselves on their individuality, while others spend their lives working to establish a concrete personality and purpose in life. In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, individualism is a key component in the themes of the story and portrayal of unique characters. With there being only four characters in the play, each of them have to be vibrant, diverse individuals in order to keep theRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Glass Menagerie 2133 Words   |  9 PagesEscapism in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† In Tennessee Williams, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† all four characters consist in avoiding reality more than facing it, Amanda, Laura, Tom, and Jim. Amanda lives her life through her children s and clings to her past. Tom constantly stays in movie theatres and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and someday becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her victrolla and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. Finally, Jim is onlyRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Glass Menagerie 2145 Words   |  9 PagesEscapism in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† In Tennessee Williams, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† all four characters consist in avoiding reality more than facing it, Amanda, Laura, Tom, and Jim. Amanda lives her life through her children s and clings to her past. Tom constantly stays in movie theatres and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and someday becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her victrolla and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. FinallyRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Glass Menagerie by Tenessee Williams1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams had ordinary people in an ordinary life that closely resembled the influences of Williams’ personal life while having reoccurring themes and motifs throughout the story. The play has been done by many with some variations in the scripts and setting while still clinging to the basic ideas of the original play. Amanda Wingfield was a complex character that encompassed many facets of her personality. She longed to have the life she had as a girl and young

Vulnerable Populations in Current Events Free Essays

Defining a Vulnerable Population A vulnerable population is any group that has been identified by an epidemiological or there study that classifies them at a higher risk than the general population from a specific or broad condition (Oxford Reference Online, 2011). The elderly population is considered a vulnerable population because they must face not only self-image disturbances related to an aging body, but also problems with mental and spiritual well -being as well. Barriers older adults must face are generated by these issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations in Current Events or any similar topic only for you Order Now Barriers of a Vulnerable Population According to Smith, et. Al (2010), is important for community and local governments to the aging population and provide age-friendly services (p. 15). As the population continues to grow, change, and age, there are numerous barriers the elderly face. Financially, the elderly population Is mostly surviving on a fixed or limited Income making It difficult at times to afford prescriptions. Doctor visits, and other healthcare related expenses. All of these issues place them in a state of vulnerability. Impaired or limited mobility creates yet another barrier especially for the elderly related to the side effects of an aging body. Consequently, they are more prone and apt to have injuries from falls leading to other serious debilitating healthcare issues. Many of the elderly population do not have the ability to drive safely or access to a vehicle due to their compromised health Issues related to aging such as poor vision, Alchemies, and severe arthritis: transportation becomes another barrier. According to Smith, et. L (2010), without proper transportation in place, communities will have a higher incidence of injuries and increased emergency response costs. Life experiences with Vulnerable Persons My parents are both of the elderly population. They both suffer from symptoms of an aging body. My dad Is hard of hearing, has chronic renal failure, terribly severe artless, thinning skin, and Impaired vision. My mother has Just recovered to a double knee replacement surgery because she had become immobile related to her severely arthritic knees. I have spent several years caring for them both and helping them through these difficult times of aging. I have noticed various discriminations by society of the elderly and the poor attitude towards them. People have very little patience, understanding, and compassion. I have also seen the moments of sadness, frustration, and depression that my parents have encountered related to having to race ten Tact’s Nat teeny are aging; teeny are no longer addle to phonically ay want teeny used to be able to do and think that they can still do. This has been the hardest for me to witness because I can remember when they were able to do anything they wanted to physically. They have both overcome many barriers, but continue to be vulnerable and I know that they’re level of vulnerability will continue to increase with the passing years to come. Knowing this, I continue to learn and look for ways to help and advocate for them. Summary With the aging population, it is important to assess what vulnerabilities the elderly faces and address them to improve the quality of life. How to cite Vulnerable Populations in Current Events, Papers

The Responsibility to Protect free essay sample

The Responsibility to Protect BY susu1985 Introduction: Since the dawn of time there have been occurrences of massive violations of human rights. The 20th century in specific brought with it not only inter-state wars but also internal conflicts. However, in the last hundred years there has also been a substantial growth in international cooperation and solidarity. Through the creation of international organizations, such as the United Nations, and the growing number of non-governmental organizations, the 20th century has seen a paradox between humanitys will to combat war and injustice and its apparent failure to put this into ction. The Responsibility to Protect is a new international concept, the gist of which is that states have a responsibility to protect not only their people, but also those whose states have failed them. The aim of this paper is to give a more defined and comprehensive view of this concept. In order to do so, it is imperative to look at how the international community has responded to massive violations of human rights in the past, and for this end a brief description of the Rwanda genocide will be given. It will then go on to outline the history of Responsibility to Protect, focusing on its eception at the United Nations. Finally, a concise view on the crisis in Darfur will be given in relation to the Responsibility to Protect concept. The Rwandan Genocide: a failure to intervene Although much can be said about the genocide that took place in Rwanda, for the purpose of this paper I will focus on the role of the international community, more specifically the United Nations. The genocide took place in 1994 and it has become known as one of the bloodiest, most rapid massacres that have ever taken place. This particular case of genocide also stands out because of the utter failure of the nternational community to intervene. Before the beginning of the genocide there was already a peacekeeping mission in Rwanda, namely the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). They were there to oversee a recent power deal brokered between the Hutus and Tutsis, which was intended to ease tensions in the country and make sure that both groups were equally represented in government. However, despite the United Nations presence in the country, the genocide was not deterred. The international community had a chance to stop it before it ever began, as the Security council had been warned that large-scale ethnic leansing was about to take place in the country, and this has now become common knowledge. As stated in the article by Adelman and Suhrke, The governments of Western countries and the highest levels of the UN possessed clear information about an upcoming genocide and could thus have stopped it if they wanted to. Yet, in spite of all the warnings, nothing was done to stop what was now the inevitable. Once the killings began in earnest, the peacekeeping forces on the ground were unable to do anything. This is because their mandate prohibits them to shoot unless hey are shot at, and like an army, they must follow orders, which at this point were autobiography Shake Hands With the Devil, how on numerous occasions he contacted the UN headquarters asking for them to expand his mandate; his cries for help were ignored. One of the examples he gives is that before the genocide began he was told that some Hutus were storing a large amount of machetes. When he asked permission from his superiors to raid and confiscate the cache of weapons, he was categorically told that he was not to do anything about it. UNAMIR suffered a massive blow when ten Belgian peacekeepers in charge of guarding the Prime Minister, who was a Tutsi herself, were butchered by Interahamwe militia. This in turn led to Belgium, who had volunteered the majority of troops to UNAMIR, recalling their troops, as it was no longer safe for them to stay. In the peak of crisis, the Security Council made the decision to withdraw most of its forces from Rwanda, leaving Dallaire with only 262 men at his disposal. Eventually, Dallaire was ordered to withdraw altogether from Rwanda. However, Dallaire refused to do so and stayed on with only a few men who opted to stay. This decision by Dallaire is what makes him, in my mind, one of our times only hero left. The Rwandan genocide was not kept under wraps; the media had a presence there and it was broadcasting what was happening throughout the world. According to the UN Convention of 1951 , competent organs of the United Nations should take action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of Genocide. Furthermore, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, states that signatories are obliged to intervene when there is a clear case of genocide. These two together makes it clear that states hould respond and, indeed, have an obligation to do so, to crimes of genocide. However, when questioned about this by Journalists, a Clinton administration spokeswoman stated that genocide was not being committed; there were only acts of genocide taking place. To this the reporter answered with another question how many acts of genocide make a genocide? to which she had no answer. By avoiding the use of the term genocide, the UN as a whole and its member states were able to ignore their duties under the above mentioned conventions, and find an excuse not to intervene in Rwanda. For any UN peacekeeping mission, their objective is not to efeat the aggressor but to prevent fghting, act as a buffer, keep order and maintain a cease-fire generally instructed to use their weapons only as self-defense. This means that to begin with UNAMIR was already at a loss to stop the conflict. Once Dallaire disregarded direct orders and stayed in the country, what was left of UNAMIR no longer received supplies. Dallaire stayed on until the end of the conflict. Him and his followers managed to save thousands of lives. Despite this, General Dallaire went back home a broken man, and the trouble that he has had readjusting is well documented. In the end the genocide claimed an estimated 800,000 lives in three months. Many leaders, including President Clinton, have now said that they realize they made a mistake and that they should have acted. However, that is of little comfort to the people of Rwanda. The Responsibility to Protect: The failure of the international community to react to the various cases of mass to the then Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to call on states to try and resolve the the conflict between the principle of non-interference regarding state sovereignty and the responsibility of the international community to respond to assive human rights violations and ethnic cleansing. He did so by addressing the General Assembly in 1999 and 2000. As a response the Canadian government set up an independent commission, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), to look deeper into the matter and to try to come up with a solution to the problem. The Commission was made up of various experts on the field and it liaised with governments, NGOs, universities and think tanks. The ICISS was charged with Reconciling the international communitys responsibility to act in the ace of massive violations of humanitarian norms while respecting the sovereign rights of states. In December of 2001, the Commission presented its final report to the United Nations. It was in this reported that the term Responsibility to Protect was first used, and that the concept as a whole was introduced to the international community. The report begins by outlining the definition of state sovereignty as embodied in the United Nations Charter; this is to say that sovereignty is seen as an absolute right that is held by a state, and that this dictates a principal of non- intervention in domestic matters by an outside power. However, in the report, the definition of sovereignty is broadened from sovereignty as control to sovereignty as responsibility in both internal and external duties. This concept of sovereignty as responsibility is not new, as there are various mechanisms in place today that limit state sovereignty. These were put in place after the Second World War as a way to ensure that it never happened again. The first, and most obvious, of these mechanisms is the United Nations as a whole and the various treaties and covenants that have been signed under it. As few examples are the UN Charter, The Universal Declaration on Human Rights, The Genocide Convention, and the Geneva Conventions and added statutes, to name a few. These documents embody a shift from sovereignty as impunity to international and national accountability. The second of these mechanisms also came about after World War two and it is the concept of human security. States have recognized that it is no longer only the security of a state that matters, but also the human aspect of it that is important. Finally, the Security Council and regional organizations, such as the European Union, have also proven to be powerful mechanisms in limiting sovereignty. Tbis is illustrated by the various actions that these bodies have sometimes taken against a particular state, such as sanctions and occasionally outright intervention, such as the Korea War. Therefore, although the report of the ICISS broadens the definition of sovereignty, it is simply putting a name on a trend that has been taking place and gaining momentum since 1945. Considering the new definition of sovereignty as outlined above, the report goes on to explain the emerging principle that is the Responsibility to Protect. The report makes it clear that this is not the responsibility to intervene, but rather the bligation to protect those that are being let down by their own state. It states that sovereignty means that the primary responsibility to protect lies with the state itself. However, where a population is suffering serious harm, as a result of internal war, insurgency, repression or state failure, and the state in question is unwilling or community to act in its place and the principle of non-intervention yields to the international responsibility to protect. Although the paragraph above makes it clear what the Responsibility to Protect means, there are various components to it, namely he three pillars of it, which are: Prevention, Action and Rebuilding. The emphasis is placed on prevention, and the report states that the most important part of this is the political will of the international community and that it must change its basic mindset from a culture of reaction to that of a culture of prevention. Prevention must deal with both the root causes and the direct causes of an impending conflict. There must also be an information network in place in order to ensure that the conflict is spotted early on enough. Action should come about only when all means of prevention have been exhausted. It should begin with methods of deterrence, such as economic and military sanctions. However, when all other roads have failed, then and only then, should military intervention take place. Military intervention should only take place when large scale loss of life, actual or apprehended with genocide intent or not, which is the product of either of deliberate state action, or state neglect or inability to act, or a failed state situation; or large scale ethnic cleansing, actual or apprehended, whether carried out by killing, forced expulsion, acts of terror or rape. If these criteria are met the report outlines various recautionary principles that must be met before the onslaught of intervention. These are: last resort, Just cause, proportional means, reasonable prospects, and right authority. These principles have to be put in place so that the Responsibility to Protect can never be used as an excuse for a state to intervene in another state for its own ends. Rebuilding is an important factor of the principle of Responsibility to Protect. It becomes even more crucial if military intervention has taken place. This third pillar stipulates that when a state has suffered mass violations of human rights hen there will be a need to rebuild society as a whole. In order to do so the international community must provide financial aid to the country in question. It must also provide assistance in any other way. If the state is not properly rebuilt then there is a chance that it might reoffend in the future. There are many aspects to rebuilding, but one of the most important is Justice and reconciliation. The international community must provide a stage where perpetrators can be brought to justice, and help in any way it can with the reconciliation of the country. The United Nations is the key for this notion to become reality. It provides a platform for states to reach consensus and establish treaties and legislations. It is also in the best interest of the organization to try and do so, for it would heighten its credibility. However, the United Nations is not an independent organ, it is a collection of member states, and therefore it is difficult to get consensus. In the past humanitarian intervention has been hindered or all together stopped by the veto power that the five permanent members of the Security Council hold. In the recommendations section of the Commissions report they outline that the Permanent Five members of the security Council should consider and seek to reach agreement not to apply their veto power, in matters where their vital state interests are not involved, to obstruct the passage of resolutions authorizing military intervention for human protection purposes for which there is otherwise majority support. Although this recommendation makes a conflicts the United Nations Peacekeeping missions can do little to quell a conflict once it has started. Yet, the Peacekeeping aspect of the organization is arguably its most important humanitarian intervention feature. The Commission goes on to say that the traditional peacekeeping will have to change drastically, asmilitary intervention operations which have to do whatever it takes to meet their responsibility to protect will have to be able and willing to engage in much more robust action than is permitted by traditional peacekeeping, where the core task is the monitoring, supervision and verification of ceasefires and peace agreements, and where the emphasis has always been on consent, neutrality and the non-use of force. This would mean that states would have to be willing to take the risk of llowing some of their men to participate as part of the conflict, rather as bystanders. It would also mean more funding and manpower for the peacekeeping force. Like the restricted use of the P5 veto, this is a concept which makes a lot of sense but that unfortunately will most likely never see the light of day. The report was presented to the United Nations in December of 2001 and its reception was luke-warm at best. The concepts that the report outlined were controversial and unfortunately, the timing was not the best. The 9/1 1 attacks were still fresh in peoples minds, and as the U. S. administration pushed for a war in Afghanistan; many states were worried that the report would provide an excuse for it. The report was served another blow when President Bush declared in 2003 that America had Just cause for going into Iraq and that they were doing it to protect its people. In spite of the cold reception that the report received, the continuation of conflicts of a genocidal nature endured. With the crisis in Darfur raging on, member states were forced to rethink their attitudes, and in the UN World Summit in New York in 2005, member states reached a consensus on he Responsibility to Protect. In the Outcome document of the Summit, the international community reaffirms its support in paragraphs 138 and 139 of the document. Although this was a big step towards acceptance of principle, the Outcome Document is not binding. This means that even if good will was shown on the day, there is no guarantee that states will act accordingly. Conclusion If the last century has shown the world anything, it is that in order to stop mass violations of human rights from occurring there needs to be some form of mechanism in place that is strong enough to prevent them from happening. The ICISS were charged with finding a solution to this problem, and their answer was the Responsibility to Protect. In order for it to work there would have to be a whole shift in the culture that our political leaders inhabit. It would also need a lot of funding and manpower, and this will always be used as an excuse for why it cannot happen. The main conclusion of this paper is that nothing can be done unless there is the political will for it happen. The report has some very controversial points, and accepting it, states would be agreeing to limitations on their sovereignty, as well as ledging to potentially intervene militarily and infringe on another states sovereignty. There would also be a need for the permanent members of the Security Council to accept some limitation to its all important veto power. Unfortunately, I do squabbling of this body of the I-IN, and the use of its veto power to stop actions, which could have helped many conflicts. Meeting this challenge is more than a matter of aspiration. It is a vital necessity. Nothing has done more harm to our shared ideal that we are all equal in worth and dignity, and that the earth is our ommon home, than the inability of the community of states to prevent genocide, massacre and ethnic cleansing. If we believe that all human beings are equally entitled to be prote cted from acts that shock the conscience of us all, then we must match rhetoric with reality, principle with practice. We cannot be content with reports and declarations. We must be prepared to act. We wont be able to live with ourselves if we do not. This is a sentiment that is shared by most, and in order for it to become a reality, and for our world to be a better place there has be action on the art of states. It is only then that the Responsibility to Protect will stop being an unattainable ideal and become a welcomed reality. Bibliography Books and Journals: Bennett, A. LeRoy, and James K. Oliver. International Organizations : Principles and Issues. 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